Kaidah-Kaidah untuk Menafsirkan Al-Quran

إن قواعد التفسير هي من العلوم الهامة التى لا بد لدارسى القرآن الكريم ومفسري آياته أن يتعلموها ويطلعوا عليها جيدا قبل ترجمة معانى آيات القرآن وتفسيرها. فقواعد التفسير كما يطلق عليها علماء القرآن هى الأحكام الكلية التي يتوصل بها إلى إستنباط معانى القرآن العظيم ومعرفة كيفية الإستفادة منها. فهذه القواعد تختلف عن التفسير لأن قواعد التفسير هي تلك الضوابط والكليات التى تلتزم كي يتوصل بواسطتها إلى المعنى المراد. أما التفسير فهو إيضاح المعانى وشرحها المبنى على تلك الأصول والضوابط المسماة بالقواعد. فقواعد التفسير هي ثوابت وموازين تضبط الفهم لكلام الله عز وجل وتمنع المفسرين من الخطإ فى تفسيرهم. فهى مثل النحو بالنسبة للنطق العربى والكتابة العربية ومثل قواعد الفقه للفقه. وهذا العلم موضوعه هو تفسير القرآن الكريم , وغايته فهم معانى القرآن كى تمتثل فيحصل الفوز فى الدارين. وأما فائدته فهى تحصيل المقدرة على إستنباط معانى القرآن وفهمه على الوجه الصحيح و ضبط التفسير بقواعده الصحيحة. فالعلماء كانوا يستمدون هذه القواعد لتفسير القرآن من القرآن الكريم والأحاديث النبوية وبعض ما أثر من الصحابة رضى الله عنهم و أصول الفقه واللغة العربية و البيان و النحو و التصريف و كتب علوم القرآ

Effects of deleting cannabinoid receptor-2 on mechanical and material properties of cortical and trabecular bone

Acknowledgements We thank Dr J.S. Gregory for assistance with Image J and Mr K. Mackenzie for assistance with Micro-CT analysis. Funding ABK was funded by a University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences studentship and the Overseas Research Students Awards Scheme.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Mechanical and material properties of cortical and trabecular bone from cannabinoid receptor-1-null (Cnr1-/-) mice

Funding ABK was funded by a studentship from the University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, and the Overseas Research Students Awards Scheme Acknowledgments We are grateful to Dr J.S. Gregory for assistance with Image J and Mr K. Mackenzie for assistance with Micro-CT analysis.Peer reviewedPostprin

Micro-cooler Enhancements by Barrier Interface Analysis

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Monolithic Implementation of a Planar Gunn Diode and a pHEMT

No abstract available

Evaluation of wheat by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

In this study 15 wheat varieties namely Nacozari-76, Ouqab, Tatar-96, Bakhtawar-92, Yecura-70, Raj, Bakkar, Sulilman-96, Pirsabak-05, Maria, Khyber-87, Fakhr-e-Sarhad, Pirsabak-04, Inqulab-91 and Rawal-87 were evaluated for analysis of variability in seed storage proteins by using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Electrophorogram for each variety were scored and presence or absence of each band noted and was entered in a binary data matrix. Based on the data of SDS-PAGE gels cluster analysis was performed to check the variations among varieties. The overall result shows low degree of heterogeneity however different varieties reveal differential protein banding pattern. It is concluded that SDS-PAGE analysis of wheat endosperm protein is useful for evaluation of genetic variability and cultivars identification that help in wheat breeding program

Formulation of linguistic regression model based on natural words

When human experts express their ideas and thoughts, human words are basically employed in these expressions. That is, the experts with much professional experiences are capable of making assessment using their intuition and experiences. The measurements and interpretation of characteristics are taken with uncertainty, because most measured characteristics, analytical result, and field data can be interpreted only intuitively by experts. In such cases, judgments may be expressed using linguistic terms by experts. The difficulty in the direct measurement of certain characteristics makes the estimation of these characteristics imprecise. Such measurements may be dealt with the use of fuzzy set theory. As Professor L. A. Zadeh has placed the stress on the importance of the computation with words, fuzzy sets can take a central role in handling words [12, 13]. In this perspective fuzzy logic approach is offten thought as the main and only useful tool to deal with human words. In this paper we intend to present another approach to handle human words instead of fuzzy reasoning. That is, fuzzy regression analysis enables us treat the computation with words. In order to process linguistic variables, we define the vocabulary translation and vocabulary matching which convert linguistic expressions into membership functions on the interval [0–1] on the basis of a linguistic dictionary, and vice versa. We employ fuzzy regression analysis in order to deal with the assessment process of experts from linguistic variables of features and characteristics of an objective into the linguistic expression of the total assessment. The presented process consists of four portions: (1) vocabulary translation, (2) estimation, (3) vocabulary matching and (4) dictionary. We employed fuzzy quantification theory type 2 for estimating the total assessment in terms of linguistic structural attributes which are obtained from an expert