Corporate Governance for Banks in Pakistan: Recent Developments and Regional Comparisons

The emerging economies in the South Asian region have embarked on a bold reform process to develop the banking sector. This development has improved the transparency and accountability of the banking sector because these countries focused on ‘best practice’ corporate governance for banks. In view of a rapidly developing market with a slow pace of information dissemination, adverse selection and moral hazard problems are likely to be on the rise and may need a mechanism to train and discipline bank management. It was, therefore timely for the central banks in the region to introduce a ‘best practice’ for the banking system as a whole. This study provides a survey of recent developments in corporate governance of the banking sector in Pakistan and a comparison of similar developments in two other regional economies, namely, India and Bangladesh. In addition to a theoretical discussion on this issue, we also provide an overview of the banking sector restructuring and highlighting important features of the codes of corporate governance established by central banks in the sample countries. In conclusion, we present a comparison of the major differences in these measures across countries and comment on the pace of these developments.Corporate Governance, Banks, Pakistan

Corporate Governance for Banks in Pakistan : Recent Developments and Regional Comparisons

The emerging economies in the South Asian region have embarked on a bold reform process to develop the banking sector. This development has improved the transparency and accountability of the banking sector because these countries focused on best practice corporate governance for banks. In view of a rapidly developing market with a slow pace of information dissemination, adverse selection and moral hazard problems are likely to be on the rise and may need a mechanism to train and discipline bank management. It was, therefore timely for the central banks in the region to introduce a best practice for the banking system as a whole. This study provides a survey of recent developments in corporate governance of the banking sector in Pakistan and a comparison of similar developments in two other regional economies, namely, India and Bangladesh. In addition to a theoretical discussion on this issue, we also provide an overview of the banking sector restructuring and highlighting important features of the codes of corporate governance established by central banks in the sample countries. In conclusion, we present a comparison of the major differences in these measures across countries and comment on the pace of these developments.Banking, Corporate governance, banking sector restructuring

Improved Distributed Estimation Method for Environmental\ud time-variant Physical variables in Static Sensor Networks

In this paper, an improved distributed estimation scheme for static sensor networks is developed. The scheme is developed for environmental time-variant physical variables. The main contribution of this work is that the algorithm in [1]-[3] has been extended, and a filter has been designed with weights, such that the variance of the estimation errors is minimized, thereby improving the filter design considerably\ud and characterizing the performance limit of the filter, and thereby tracking a time-varying signal. Moreover, certain parameter optimization is alleviated with the application of a particular finite impulse response (FIR) filter. Simulation results are showing the effectiveness of the developed estimation algorithm

Pemodelan Lup Kendali Chopper DC Menggunakan Model Sakelar PWM

Paper ini membahas sebuah teknik untuk membantu para perancang catu daya dalam memodelkan dan merancang secara akurat lup kendali sebuah chopper DC mode switching. Tiga komponen utama dari lup kendali catu daya, yaitu: rangkaian daya, modulator lebar pulsa, dan penguat galat, dimodelkan dengan penekanan pada rangkaian daya. Rangkaian daya dimodelkan dengan metoda Model Sakelar PWM, yang lebih sederhana dibandingkan analisis dengan metoda state-space average. Jenis PWM yang dimodelkan adalah PWM mode teganga

Heroin Adulterated with the Novel Synthetic Cannabinoid, 5F-MDMB-PINACA: A Case Series

Introduction: Heroin can be adulterated with various substances that may or may not have pharmacological effects. Here we report a case series of 8 patients who presented to the emergency department after overdose with intravenous heroin preparation adulterated with the synthetic cannabinoid methyl 2-(1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (5F-MDMB-PINACA).Case Series: Except for one patient, all of them presented with a typical initial opioid toxidrome consisting of central nervous system and respiratory depression along with pinpoint pupils. Naloxone was given to them, triggering severe agitation and combative behavior along with overlapping features of anticholinergic and sympathomimetic toxidrome. All patients required multiple doses of benzodiazepines. Three were successfully treated with physostigmine.Discussion: 5F-MDMB-PINACA is a synthetic cannabinoid that was added to heroin in samples obtained from patients reported in this case series. Patients demonstrated significant agitation after receiving naloxone for opioid toxidrome, presumably because of the removal of the depressant effect of opioids, which unmasked the excitatory effects of the synthetic cannabinoids. Three patients required physostigmine along with the benzodiazepines for control of their agitation, urine retention and abnormal vitals, suggesting the possibility of an anticholinergic toxidrome to have developed in these patients.Conclusion: Heroin contaminated with 5F-MDMB-PINACA exhibits variable severities of anticholinergic effects, some on presentation and others only after opiate antagonism

Marital Adjustment And Life Satisfaction Among Early And Late Marriages

The current research focused on exploring the relationship of marital adjustment and life satisfaction among early and late marriages. Main objective of the study was to find out the effect of age on marital adjustment and life satisfaction among early and late marriages. The Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) Urdu (Spanier, 1976) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin, 1985) were used to measure the phenomenon of marital adjustment and life satisfaction. The sample was comprised of (N=160) early and late married, men and women. Early married (n=80) and late married (n=80) selected from different cities of Punjab, Pakistan. Pearson Product Moment Correlation and t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results indicate a significant positive correlation (r= .33, significant at p .01) in marital adjustment and life satisfaction. On the other hand there is a significant difference (significant at p .001) between late marriages and early marriages on marital adjustment. The results also indicate that there is a significant difference (significant at p .001) between late marriages and early marriages on life satisfaction. Key Words: Marital adjustment, life satisfaction, early married, late marrie

Dealing a Neonate with CHARGE Syndrome: Anaesthesia perspective of perioperative care

CHARGE syndrome is a condition that can disturb numerous areas of human body. As an abbreviation CHARGE stands for: coloboma, heart defects, atresia choanae, and retardation of growth, genital, and ear abnormalities. The configuration of malformations differs among individuals with this disorder, and the various health issues can be life-threatening during infancy and childhood. Affected individuals typically have several main features or a combination of major and minor appearances. Here we are presenting a case report of a neonate with CHARGE syndrome who underwent successful repair of choanal atresia under general anaesthesia with invasive monitoring

TANGGUNG JAWAB BANK SYARIAH DALAM PENERAPAN PEMBIAYAAN MUDARABAH TERHADAP HUKUM POSITIF DI INDONESIA RESPONSIBILITY OF SHARIA BANK IN IMPLEMENTATION OF MUDARABAH FINANCE TO POSITIVE LAW IN INDONESIA

Bank syariah sebagai lembaga dan sistem perbankan yang relative baru di Indonesia memiliki produk-produk layanan perpankan yang berbeda dengan perbankan konvensional, salah satu produk layanan jasa bank yang berdasarkan prinsip bagi hasil yang disebut dengan prinsip mudarabah. Mudarabah adalah perjanjian antara penanam dana/pemilik dana (sahibul maal) dan pengelola dana (mudarib) untuk mekukan kegiatan usaha tertentu, dengan pembagian keuntungan antara kedua belah pihak berdasarkan nisbah yang telah disepakati sebelumnya. Nisbah adalah bagian keuntungan usaha bagi masing-masing pihak yang besarnya ditetapkan berdasarkan kesepakatan.  Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian normatif, yaitu penelitian hukum yang meletakkan hukum sebagai bangunan sistem norma. Sistem norma yang dimaksud adalah mengenai asas-asas, norma, kaidah dari peraturan perundang-undangan, putusan pengadilan, perjanjian serta doktrin (ajaran). hubungan antara nasabah dengan bank pada perbankan konvensional terdiri dari dua bentuk yaitu Hubungan Kontraktual. Hubungan hukum kemitraan dalam pembiayaan mudharabah ini merupakan kerjasama antara shahibul maal untuk menyediakan dana, sedangkan pihak yang lain yaitu mudharib menyediakan pikiran, tenaga, dan waktunya untuk mengelola usaha kerjasama tersebut. Unsur terpenting dalam kerjasama pembiayaan mudharabah adalah kepercayaan (trust). Kepercayaan ini terutama dari shahibul maal kepada mudharib karena shahibulmaal tidak boleh ikut campur tangan di dalam pengelolaan proyek atau usaha yang notabene dibiayai dengan dana shahibul maal tersebut

ESTIMASI KEMAJUAN TAMBANG DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE CROSS SECTION PADA PT SULENCO WIBAWA PERKASA KABUPATEN MEMPAWAH KALIMANTAAN BARAT

PT. Sulenco Wibawa Perkasa adalah perusahaan pertambangan batu andesit. Perlu pengkajian untuk mengetahui hasil volume produksi yang telah tertambang. Penelitian dengan judul “Estimasi Kemajuan Tambang Dengan Menggunakan Metode Cross Section Pada PT.Sulenco Wibawa Perkasa Kabupaten Mempawah Kalimantan Barat”, rumusan masalah bagaimana kondisi topografi akhir penambangan, berapa besar volume material batuan yang telah tertambang, sisa cadangan yang belum tertambang, serta berapa persentase kemajuan tambang dan umur tambang. Tujuan penelitian menghitung volume batuan tertambang dan sisa dengan menggunakan metode cross section dari data peta topografi terakhir penambangan serta menghitung persentase kemajuan tambang dan umur tambang. Perhitungan volume menggunakan metode cross section, yaitu memotong tegak lurus garis kontur, kemudian dihitung luas sayatan untuk menentukan volume. Rumus yang dipakai yaitu rumus rata – rata yang terdapat dua buah penampang yang sejajar. Volume didapat dengan mengalikan luas sayatan antara tampang awal dan akhir. Hasil dari penelitian yaitu volume dan tonase cadangan awal lokasi penelitian sebesar 162.043,73 m3 atau 428.767,70 ton, cadangan tertambang sebesar 67.873,05 m3 atau 179.529,08 ton dan sisa cadangan sebesar 94.170,71 m3 atau 321.034,47 ton. Persentase kemajuan tambang di PT. Sulenco Wibawa Perkasa dari September 2018 hingga April 2020 sebesar 41,88 %. Umur tambang di PT. Sulenco Wibawa Perkasa sekitar 12 tahun 7 bulan. Kata kunci : Cadangan, Cross Section, Kemajuan Tambang, Umur Tambang

Perioperative glycemic control and its outcome in patients following open heart surgery

Background: Diabetes is not uncommon in patients requiring cardiac surgery. These patients have a higher incidence of morbidity and mortality. Subsequently, diabetes represents a major medico-economic problem in both developed and developing countries. This study was designed to observe the association between glycemic control and outcome of patients after open heart surgery in adult population.Materials and methods: Data was collected retrospectively in all patients who underwent open cardiac surgery (coronary artery bypass grafting, valve, or bypass grafting with valve surgery) and survived 72 hours postoperatively and had diabetes. The study was conducted from January 2015 to December 2016.Results: Of the 129 patients included in the study, male dominated 101 (78.3%). Most frequent surgery was coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) 123 (95.3%), CABG plus aortic valve replacement 4 (3.1%), and CABG plus mitral valve replacement 2 (1.6%). Considering diabetes, only 3 (2.3%) were on diet control, 112 (86.8%) on oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA), whereas 9 (7%) had control on both insulin and OHA. Only 5 (3.9%) had type I diabetes. The mean fasting blood sugar (FBS) was 154.58 g/dl, and the mean duration of diabetic mellitus was observed 12.32 years. Microvascular and macrovascular complications were 26/129 (20.16%) and 17/129 (13.17%), respectively. Total 75 (58.1%) patients did not require insulin and 54 (41.9%) were treated with insulin intraoperatively to keep the blood glucose level less than 200 g/dl. Cardiac arrhythmias were frequent in the insulin group (P \u3c 0.05), which was also associated with increased stay in the cardiac intensive care unit.Conclusion: Inadequate glycemic control during open cardiac surgery can possibly lead to increased perioperative morbidity and mortality and with decreased long-term survival and recurrent ischemic events. Therefore, aiming for blood glucose levels around 140 mg/dl appears reasonable. Further studies are required to define specific glucose ranges for a clearer definition of recommended blood glucose goals in postoperative cardiac patients for the best outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus