Role of Effective Feed Back in Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Designing for Faculty Development

errors in multiple choice questions (MCQs) designing by the faculty members and to obtain need assessment feedback for faculty development for MCQ designing. Methods: In this study, all MCQs submitted by faculty members of Islamic International Medical College (IIMC) over a period of one year and three months from January 2009 to April 2010 were reviewed from time to time by the assessment committee. A total of 922 MCQs were reviewed. The reviews were compiled and analyzed to find out the frequency and types of errors made inadvertently in the structure and design of MCQs. Results: During the study period, the faculty members submitted a total of 922 MCQs. Spectrum of errors in MCQs ranged from spellings to complex questions to question cues. A total of 40% items qualified for being included in final assessment Conclusion: Review process is very important in improving the quality of items

A Classification of Cyclic Nodes and Enumeration of Components of a Class of Discrete Graphs

Let Zn be the ring of residue classes modulo n. Define f : Zn 7→ Zn by f (x) = x4. Action of this map is studied by means of digraphs which produce an edge from the residue classes a to b if f (a) ≡ b. For every integer n, an explicit formula is given for the number of fixed points of f . It is shown that the graph G(pk), k ≥ 1 has four fixed points if and only if 3 | p−1 and has two fixed points if and only if 3 ∤ p−1. A classification of cyclic vertices of the graph G(pk) has been determined. A complete enumeration of non-isomorphic cycles and components of G(pk) has been explored

Design of a Finger Ring Antenna for Wireless Sensor Networks

Body-centric communications have become very active area of research due to ever-growing demand of portability. Advanced applications such as; health monitoring, tele-medicine, identification systems, performance monitoring of athletes, defence systems and personal entertainment are adding to its popularity. In this paper, a novel wearable antenna radiating at 5 GHz for the body-centric wireless sensor networks has been presented. The antenna consists of a conventional microstrip patch mounted on a gold base and could be worn in a finger like a ring. CST Microwave Studio is used for modelling, simulation and optimisation of the antenna. The simulated results show that the proposed antenna has a -10 dB bandwidth of 90.3 MHz with peak gain of 6.9 dBi. Good performance in terms of bandwidth, directivity, gain, return loss and radiation characteristics, along with a miniaturised form factor makes it a very well suited candidate for the body-worn wireless sensor applications

One dimensional equivalent linear ground response analysis - A case study of collapsed Margalla Tower in Islamabad during 2005 Muzaffarabad Earthquake

One dimensional equivalent linear ground response analysis was conducted in the Margalla Tower building in Islamabad, which collapsed during 2005 Muzaffarabad Earthquake. The analyses were conducted in DEEPSOIL software, without considering the effect of ground water table. The input subsoil data were selected from laboratory and field tests conducted for the site with bedrock at a depth of 21 m as per site condition. The field and laboratory testing data showed that the subsoil beneath the Tower site was silty clay to lean clay according to the unified soil classification system

Financial Ethics: A Review of 2010 Flash Crash

Modern day stock markets have almost entirely became automated. Even though it means increased profits for the investors by algorithms acting upon the slightest price change in order of microseconds, it also has given birth to many ethical dilemmas in the sense that slightest mistake can cause people to lose all of their livelihoods. This paper reviews one such event that happened on May 06, 2010 in which $1 trillion dollars disappeared from the Dow Jones Industrial Average. We are going to discuss its various aspects and the ethical dilemmas that have arisen due to it

Challenges Faced by the Repatriates and their Subsequent Impact on Repatriates’ Satisfaction

Objective: Through decades repatriation has been the most ignored and a problematic phase of the Expatriate Management Cycle (EMC). Expatriates when returning back to their home country are referred as Repatriates and this returning phase is known as Repatriation phase of the Expatriate Management Cycle. This Repatriation phase is mainly the unplanned stage where organizational managers make the mistake. They certainly believe that the repatriates are returning back to their home and wrongly assumes that there will be no complications or challenges for these repatriates on their arrival back to home country. This strategic lack results in the immense dissatisfaction of these repatriates soon after arrival to the home county. Our aim is to provide a detailed study on the process of repatriation by identifying the challenges that are faced by the repatriates on their arrival to the home country and to oversee their subsequent impact on their job performance. Methodology: Data was collected through primary means using convenience sampling method through various organizations and of 300 respondents 186 were filtered out to be analyzed using different statistical techniques on SPSS. Result: There exist a significant negative relationship between all the identified challenges faced by the repatriates and their job satisfaction level Implication: At the end of the research some recommendations were also proposed for the organizational managers to overcome these challenges. This piece of research can not only be used by the researchers for their research work but can also be based by the organizational managers to formulate their repatriation strategies

Decentralization of Environmental Governance in Pakistan and its Impact on Sustainable Development

Environmental governance is a key instrument towards sustainable development that requires full information, sound decision-making procedures, implementation of rules and their execution according to internationally accepted standards. While Pakistan has made progress in devising legislations and laws to manage major environmental issues, it is still not as close to its target of achieving sustainable development despite several decades of efforts at environmental regulation and governance. This paper evaluates the post-18th Amendment scenario regarding the achievement of sustainable environment through better environmental governance in Pakistan. The country is facing serious environmental challenges of ever-increasing environmental pollution, losing fertile lands, depleting fragile water resources and poor human development. Pakistan ranks 161 among 192 countries regarding its Human Development Index (HDI) because of its dismal performance in the fields of education, health, and income. In 2022, Pakistan’s Environmental Performance Index (EPI) ranking was 176th among 180 countries with a score of 24.6. Despite decentralization efforts, Pakistan has failed to achieve considerable improvement in environmental governance and management. To address these issues, there is a need to review the pros and cons of the 18th Amendment in the constitution of Pakistan objectively and modify it if needed. To facilitate inter-provincial and inter-sectoral coordination, different institutions, and statutory bodies relevant to environmental governance formed after the 18th Amendment should be made functional to devise comprehensive and collaborative strategies for sustainable development

A Comparative Study of De-Icing Salts (Sodium Chloride and Calcium Magnesium Acetate) on the Growth of Some Roadside Plants of England

A greenhouse study was conducted on four roadside plants ( Festuca rubra , Lolium perenne , Plantago lanceolata and Trifolium repens ) to determine the effect of two de-icing salts {Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and calcium magnesium acetate, (CMA)} on their growth. Plants were grown in pots and supplied with solution of different concentrations of both the de-icing salts. Dry weight of shoot was determined by harvesting the plants after 45 days. Visual ranking of the plants showed that CMA is less harmful to plants than NaCl. At lower concentrations, CMA had no effect or even had favourable effect on the growth of plants. At higher concentrations, CMA decreased shoot biomass less than that caused by NaCl. Shoot weight of L. perenne, F. rubra and P. lanceolata watered by CMA was significantly (P<0.001) higher than those watered by NaCl. In another experiment, these plants were sprayed with same concentrations of de-icing salts using tap water as control. After 45 days, the effect of spraying on plant foliage was assessed by visual observation comparing with control plants. Spray with CMA showed no harmful effect on plants while spraying with NaCl showed various level of injury and damage in all the species. It was observed that CMA is less harmful to roadside plants than NaCl. However, its large-scale use is not possible due to its higher price. However, in environmentally sensitive areas, CMA can be used instead of NaCl