Legal Society Service of Pro-Bono on Migrant in Morocco in Law Perspective

Morocco is a constitutional, democratic and social monarchy. The King is the Supreme Representative of the Nation and the Symbol of the unity thereof. He is the guarantor of the perpetuation and the continuity of the State. As Defender of the Faith, he ensures the respect for the Constitution. He is the Protector of the rights and liberties of the citizens, social groups and organizations. System Barriers to Pro Bono work result from the social environment of the judiciary and, more specifically, from the current practice of law in Morocco. The population generally has a low regard for the legal and judicial sector, and expects corruption in the judiciary. In Morocco, legal information is also not adequately disseminated to the public.[1] In addition, the low literacy rate 52.3% for the total population (39.6% for women, 65.7% for men) renders access to justice all the more difficult. A substantial proportion of the population is therefore vulnerable and may fall prey to unethical behavior. The Bar Association has great difficulty in supervising “homeless” lawyers, who are lawyers with no fixed business address and operate with a cellular telephone from undisclosed premises. Up to 800 of the 3,000 lawyers registered with the Casablanca Bar Association are reportedly “homeless” lawyers, who prey on the uninformed and often maintain frivolous suits in order to collect higher fees.[1] US Department of State, 2004 census <http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5431.htm accessed on January 10, 202

AGREEMENT ON THE JOINT COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF ACTION (JCPOA) BETWEEN IRAN AND THE UNITED STATES

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) is the result of diplomatic negotiations reached by the United States, Britain, France, Russia, China, Germany and Iran in 2015 regarding the Iran Nuclear Agreement. The emergence of this agreement was due to Iran's actions abusing its nuclear development to serve as a weapon of mass destruction in 2011. In response to this, Western countries imposed economic sanctions on Iran in the hope of weakening Iran's position so that it does not have the ability to continue its nuclear weapons program. In fact, these sanctions succeeded in weakening the Iranian economy but were not politically effective enough because the Iranian government remained strong, this led to Iran being still involved in various conflicts in the region and still insisting on developing its uranium enrichment. Iran's tough stance made Western countries choose to bring Iran into the negotiations by making offers that could attract Iran's attention. During the Obama administration, the United States succeeded in bringing Iran into the negotiations. An achievement when the United States together with Britain, France, Russia, China, and Germany succeeded in getting Iran to agree to stop developing its nuclear weapons in exchange for the lifting of sanctions from the West. However, when the Donald Trump administration tensions began to re-emerge with the assassination of one of Iran's war generals that took place in 2020. The United States succeeded in bringing Iran into the talks. An achievement when the United States together with Britain, France, Russia, China, and Germany succeeded in getting Iran to agree to stop developing its nuclear weapons in exchange for the lifting of sanctions from the West. However, when the Donald Trump administration tensions began to re-emerge with the assassination of one of Iran's war generals that took place in 2020. The United States succeeded in bringing Iran into the negotiations. An achievement when the United States together with Britain, France, Russia, China, and Germany succeeded in getting Iran to agree to stop developing its nuclear weapons in exchange for the lifting of sanctions from the West. However, when the Donald Trump administration tensions began to re-emerge with the assassination of one of Iran's war generals that took place in 2020

Review on Lithium-Ion battery modeling for different applications

Battery modeling is one of the most important functions in a battery management system for different applications such as electrical vehicles, This article focuses on state of the art of lithium-ion battery modeling by exploring different existing modeling methods, such as Electrochemical models, Analytical models and the equivalent electrical circuit. First, the characteristics of the lithium-ion battery for different applications are reviewed ,we chose to study this type of battery because it offers satisfactory characteristics compared to other battery types, then the different modeling methods have been explored, finaly a conclusion with suggestion of other modeling type such as fractional order model have been proposed to improve efficiency and precision of battery management system

Review on Lithium-Ion battery modeling for different applications

Battery modeling is one of the most important functions in a battery management system for different applications such as electrical vehicles, This article focuses on state of the art of lithium-ion battery modeling by exploring different existing modeling methods, such as Electrochemical models, Analytical models and the equivalent electrical circuit. First, the characteristics of the lithium-ion battery for different applications are reviewed ,we chose to study this type of battery because it offers satisfactory characteristics compared to other battery types, then the different modeling methods have been explored, finaly a conclusion with suggestion of other modeling type such as fractional order model have been proposed to improve efficiency and precision of battery management system

Modélisation analytique pour l'étude du comportement vibratoire en régime transitoire d'une plaque avec tampon amortissant contraint

RÉSUMÉ : Cette thèse a pour objectif de développer un modèle analytique permettant l’étude d’un sandwich viscoélastique sous l’effet d’un impact. Le sandwich étudié est constitué d’une plaque rectangulaire avec un tampon amortissant viscoélastique partiel (ensemble d’une plaque rigide et une couche viscoélastique). Cette étude englobe la qualification vibratoire du sandwich (fréquences et modes propres), la performance d’amortissement (le coefficient de perte), la caractérisation du bruit généré et la propagation des ondes dans la plaque. Le modèle offre la flexibilité de faire varier les caractéristiques géométriques et physiques des différentes couches et d’en étudier l’influence sur les grandeurs susmentionnées. Le modèle est basé sur l’application des équations de Lagrange, qui permettent d’obtenir l’équation du mouvement. Le module de cisaillement de la couche viscoélastique est fonction de la fréquence; il est représenté par une série de Prony. La force d’impact est représentée par la relation théorique de Heitkämper. Deux méthodes de résolution ont été adoptées pour obtenir le déplacement transitoire transversal du sandwich viscoélastique en fonction du temps. La première méthode consiste à résoudre l’équation du mouvement dans le domaine fréquentiel en la transformant à l’aide de la transformée rapide de Fourier, pour ensuite utiliser la transformée inverse rapide de Fourier afin d’obtenir le déplacement dans le domaine temporel. La seconde méthode consiste à résoudre l’équation directement dans le domaine temporel avec la méthode itérative de Newmark & Wilson. Une fois le déplacement obtenu, la pression acoustique est calculée avec l’intégrale de Rayleigh. Le modèle est validé à différentes étapes. Deux validations avec la littérature sont réalisées en régime permanent avec les fréquences propres et les facteurs de pertes ; la première pour une couverture totale alors que la seconde avec une couverture partielle. D’autre part, un montage expérimental a été réalisé afin d’enregistrer le déplacement transversal instantané d’un point du sandwich sous l’effet d’un impact : les courbes mesurées ont été comparées à celle fournie par le modèle en régime transitoire, une bonne précision est obtenue dans les deux cas. En régime permanent la précision est de l’ordre de 0.3% sur les fréquences naturelles et 1% sur les facteurs de perte, en régime transitoire, le modèle à pu suivre le mouvement instantané du sandwich avec une différence mineure avec le résultat expérimental.----------ABSTRACT : This thesis aims at developing an analytical model for the study of a viscoelastic sandwich under the effect of an impact. The sandwich consists of a rectangular plate with a PCLD (Partial Constrained Layer Damping). This study includes the characterization of the vibration behaviour of the sandwich (frequencies and mode shapes), the damping performance (loss factors), and the characterization of radiated noise and wave propagation in the plate. The model provides the flexibility to vary the geometric and physical characteristics of the different layers and to study theirs influences on the aforementioned values. The model is based on the application of Lagrange’s equations, which yield the equation of motion. The shear modulus of the viscoelastic layer is a function of frequency, and is represented by Prony series. The impact is represented by Heitkämper’s theoretical relation. Two methods of resolution were adopted for the transverse displacement of the viscoelastic sandwich. In the first method, the equation of motion is converted into the frequency domain using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Once solved, the transverse displacement obtained in the frequency domain is converted to the time domain with the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT). The second method consists of solving the equation directly in the time domain with the Newmark and Wilson iterative method. Once the displacement is obtained, the acoustic pressure is calculated with Rayleigh’s integral. The model is validated at different stages. The first validation is performed in harmonic response by comparing natural frequencies and loss factors with literature, both for full coverage and partial coverage. Moreover, an experimental setup was made to measure the transverse displacement of the sandwich due to an impact : these results were used for the second validation in transient response. In both cases, good accuracy is obtained. In harmonic response, the accuracy is around 0.3% on natural frequencies and 0.2% on loss factors. In transient response, the simulations provided the instantaneous motion of the sandwich with a minor difference with experimental results