PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF FINFET BASED INVERTER, NAND AND NOR CIRCUITS AT 10 NM ,7 NM AND 5 NM NODE TECHNOLOGIES

Advancement in the semiconductor industry has transformed modern society. A miniaturization of a silicon transistor is continuing following Moore’s empirical law. The planar metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) structure has reached its limit in terms of technological node reduction. To ensure the continuation of CMOS scaling and to overcome the Short Channel Effect (SCE) issues, a new MOS structure known as Fin field-effect transistor (FinFET) has been introduced and has led to significant performance enhancements.This paper presents a comparative study of CMOS gates designed with FinFET 10 nm, 7 nm and 5 nm technology nodes. Electrical parameters like the maximum switching current ION, the leakage current IOFF, and the performance ratio ION/IOFF for N and P FinFET with different nodes are presented in this simulation.The aim and the novelty  of this paper is to extract the operating frequency for CMOS circuits using Quantum and Stress effects implemented in the Spice parameters on the latest Microwind software. The simulation results show a fitting with experimental data  for FinFET N and P 10 nm strctures using quantum correction. Finally, we have demonstrate that FinFET 5 nm can reach a minimum time delay of  td=1.4 ps for CMOS NOT gate and td=1 ps  for CMOS NOR gate to improve Integrated Circuits IC

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF 10 NM TG N- AND P-CHANNEL SOI FINFETS FOR CIRCUIT APPLICATIONS

This paper analyses the electrical characteristics of 10 nm tri-gate (TG) N- and P-channel silicon-on-insulator (SOI) FinFETs with hafnium oxide gate dielectric. The analysis has been performed through simulations by using Silvaco ATLAS TCAD with the Bohm quantum potential (BQP) algorithm. The influence of the geometrical parameters on the threshold voltage VTH, the subthreshold swing (SS), the transconductance and the on/off current ratio, ION/IOFF, is investigated. The two structures have been optimized for CMOS inverter implementation. The simulation results show that the N-FinFET and the P-FinFET can reach a minimum SS value with Fin heights of 15 nm and 9 nm, respectively. In addition, low threshold voltages of 0.61 V and 0.27 V for N- and P-channel SOI FinFETs, respectively, are obtained at a Fin width of 7 nm

Comparison between Results of Microdiscectomy and Open Discectomy in Management of High-Level Lumbar Disc Prolapse

AIM: This work aims to compare between results of microdiscectomy and open discectomy in management of high-level lumbar disc prolapse. METHODS: This is a controlled randomised study, where patients having upper lumbar disc herniations were evaluated preoperatively both clinically and radiologically, randomisation was planned to perform open discectomy in odd number patients and to perform microdiscectomy in even number patients, patients were evaluated and followed up for deficits and outcomes. RESULTS: We operated ten patients in this study, five cases were operated upon with microdiscectomy, and five cases were operated upon with open discectomy, the median age of presentation in this study was 44 years, there were five males and five females, postoperative pain improvement was better in microdiscectomy. Hospital stay, blood loss, bone loss and postoperative complications were less in microdiscectomy. CONCLUSION: Microdiscectomy allows good surgical visualisation and is less traumatic to the involved tissues. The results of this study indicated that microsurgery reduces hospitalisation time, improves the overall surgery-related outcome. The main differences between the two procedures were the length of the incision and blood loss. We found that lumbar microdiscectomy allows patients earlier return to work and normal life with less reliance on postoperative narcotic analgesic agents

DRY SLIDING FRICTION AND WEAR OF THE WC/TIC-CO IN CONTACT WITH AL2O3 FOR TWO SLIDING SPEEDS

The paper examines the friction and wear behavior of four different WC/TiC-Co cermets, where three of them are composed of 5%, 10% and 15% TiC additions, and a WC-Co grade without TiC, taken as a reference material for comparison purpose. The principal aim is to improve wear resistance to high sliding speeds (hot rolling) of the WC-Co material as a reference by adding previously-listed percentage of TiC. The samples (cermets) were prepared according to the powder metallurgy procedure, which includes the preparation of the powder mixture, its compression shaping and liquid phase sintering. Sintering was carried out at 1460 ° C, for 14 hours, in a reducing medium (H2). The TiC materials are added in order to boost hardness of the WC-15Co cermet and, consequently, its resistance to wear under thermomechanical conditions. The experiments are conducted using a pin-on-disc tribometer in contact with Al2O3 alumina ball at two sliding speeds of 0.5m/s and 0.75m/s, at a high temperature of 450°C, and a 20 N load.  It has been noticed that some recorded friction coefficients are unstable and exhibit many peaks during almost the whole friction test period. The obtained results from the SEM microscope show that the wear behavior of the new proposed material is improved, where it has been shown that, at the sliding speed of 0.75m/s, the greater the TiC percentage is, the lower the average friction coefficient will be. Also, for the speed of 0.5 m/s, the average friction coefficient is relatively more stable with the TiC percentage increase. Moreover, the obtained experimental results show an average wear rate decrease, with respect to reference grades (NA), that amounts to nearly 36% and 41% at the two sliding speeds P1 (0.5m/s) and  P2 (0.75m/s), respectively

New hybrid thyristor-based multilevel converter with DC fault blocking capability, for HVDC applications

HVDC systems are the most suitable solution for distant high-power transmission, where modular multilevel converters (MMCs) are now utilized due to their controllability, modularity, redundancy, and scalability. DC fault blocking capability in MMCs is normally achieved by using full-bridge submodules (FB-SMs) in the arms. However, using FB-SMs results in a high semiconductor count, which increases power losses and the overall cost. In this paper, a new hybrid thyristor-based multilevel converter (HTMC) with DC fault blocking capability is proposed that uses a low number of FB-SMs with a majority of half-bridge submodules and antiparallel thyristor valves. The theory of operation is detailed including the function of each element and thyristor valve commutation. Full parameter analysis is provided for the proposed converter. The claims of the paper are verified using a MATLAB SIMULINK model and an experimental test rig. Additionally, a detailed comparison with other viable converters is provided, which establishes that the proposed HTMC converter offers a low number of IGBTs, and lower cost and losses, with DC fault-blocking capability

Efficient, Recyclable, and Heterogeneous Base Nanocatalyst for Thiazoles with a Chitosan-Capped Calcium Oxide Nanocomposite

Calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles have recently gained much interest in recent research due to their remarkable catalytic activity in various chemical transformations. In this article, a chitosan calcium oxide nanocomposite was created by the solution casting method under microwave irradiation. The microwave power and heating time were adjusted to 400 watts for 3 min. As it suppresses particle aggregation, the chitosan (CS) biopolymer acted as a metal oxide stabilizer. In this study, we aimed to synthesize, characterize, and investigate the catalytic potency of chitosan–calcium oxide hybrid nanocomposites in several organic transformations. The produced CS–CaO nanocomposite was analyzed by applying different analytical techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). In addition, the calcium content of the nanocomposite film was measured using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Fortunately, the CS–CaO nanocomposite (15 wt%) was demonstrated to be a good heterogeneous base promoter for high-yield thiazole production. Various reaction factors were studied to maximize the conditions of the catalytic technique. High reaction yields, fast reaction times, and mild reaction conditions are all advantages of the used protocol, as is the reusability of the catalyst; it was reused multiple times without a significant loss of potency

Emergence of Multidrug-resistant Carbapenemases and MCR-1 Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Egypt

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an expedient Gram-negative bacterium, which is characterized by its ability to acquire antimicrobial resistance. In this study, 56 unrepeatable carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates were gathered from various clinical sources from hospitals in Cairo and Mansoura universities. The isolates exhibited diminished susceptibility towards carbapenems, quinolones, aminoglycosides and chloramphenicol by using disc diffusion method. Carbapenemase production was confirmed among the isolates, where all the 56 P. aeruginosa isolates harboured carbapenemase genes including blaVIM (43 isolates), blaKPC (38 isolates), blaNDM-1 (17 isolates), blaIMP (16 isolates) and blaOXA-48 (15 isolates). Among the isolates, 13 carried only one carbapenemase gene, while 43 isolates carried multiple carbapenemase genes. MCR-1 production was confirmed in 10 of the tested isolates by detecting the mcr-1 gene encoding for the colistin resistance. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR) evaluation showed that the tested isolates were unrelated to each other. Therefore, this study rises the danger of emergence of MDR P. aeruginosa resistant to carbapenems coupled with other antimicrobials including colistin, which is regarded as the last reservoir for the management of infections caused by MDR Gram-negative pathogens. Early inspection of resistance patterns in MDR organisms is an important tool to control and prevent infections via limiting the spread of these pathogens

Surgical management of fracture both bone forearm in pediatric using elastic stable intramedullary nail

Background: In children, forearm fractures are among the most prevalent types of fractures Operative procedures such as, pinning with K-wires, plate osteosynthesis as well as elastic-stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) are necessary for these fractures.Objective: This study aimed to assess treating and outcomes of pediatric forearm fractures with elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN).Patients and methods: At Orthopedic Departments of Zagazig University Hospital and Tripoli University Hospital, 8 skeletally immature patients with diaphyseal forearm fractures were studied in prospective cohort research. The study was carried out from November 2020 to May 2021. Pre-operative X-ray and CT were done and the patient was prepared for surgery. Elastic-stable intramedullary nailing technique was done to all patients, all patients were regularly followed clinically and radiographically for 1 week and then 2, 4, 6, 12 week after end of surgery.Results: we found that all patients progressed to union without the need for any further surgical intervention with good functional outcome as regards forearm rotation. One case had residual radius angulation more than 20 degree, no case had residual ulna angulation, 2 cases had superficial infection, 1 case had superficial radial nerve palsy and 1 case had elbow joint stiffness.Conclusion: Intramedullary fixation by flexible intramedullary nails (ESIN) is successful treatment option and recommended for pediatric patients with 4-14 years of age or older because it is simple safe and minimally invasive procedure and effective method of treatment that provides many biological and mechanical advantages