A detailed systematic anatomical study of monocephalic conjoined symmetric twin lambs

A case of conjoined twins with monocephalus, thoracopagus, partial abdominopagus, tetrabrachius and tetrascelus in lambs complicated with several defects of skeletal, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and urogenital systems is reported. The twins were dead and delivered by cesarean section. This case report highlights the detailed anatomical study of defects in different systems due to an abnormal birth defect.Keywords: Monocephalus, Sheep, Tetrabrachius, Tetrascelus, Thoracopagu

On a New Three-Step Class of Methods and Its Acceleration for Nonlinear Equations

A class of derivative-free methods without memory for approximating a simple zero of a nonlinear equation is presented. The proposed class uses four function evaluations per iteration with convergence order eight. Therefore, it is an optimal three-step scheme without memory based on Kung-Traub conjecture. Moreover, the proposed class has an accelerator parameter with the property that it can increase the convergence rate from eight to twelve without any new functional evaluations. Thus, we construct a with memory method that increases considerably efficiency index from 81/4≈1.681 to 121/4≈1.861. Illustrations are also included to support the underlying theory

Effect of Fenugreek seed Extract (Trigonella Foenum-graecum) on testicular tissue in the embryos of Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Background and aim: Diabetes mellitus is associated with some of the metabolic dysfunctions represented with chronic hyperglycemia.  This disease can disrupt the function of testicular tissue and decline male sexual ability. Some of the medicinal herbs such as fenugreeks have protective effects on tissues via hypoglycemic and anti-oxidative properties. In the present paper,  the effects of fenugreek seed extract was evaluated on testicular tissue of 20 day-old embryos from diabetic rats. Methods: In the present experimental study, sixty normal female rats were divided into three normal groups: non-diabetic control, glibenclamide and fenugreek groups and three diabetic groups: diabetic control, glibenclamide treatment and fenugreek treatment groups. Single injection of streptozotocin was used for induction of diabetes in these female rats. After detection of pregnancy, 1000 mg/kg fenugreek seed extract was fed to non-diabetic and diabetic fenugreek groups and 5 mg/kg glibenclamide was fed to non-diabetic and diabetic glibenclamide groups. Non-diabetic and diabetic control group was fed with distilled water as the same volume as the fenugreek extract. After 20 days, their embryos were pulled out and fixed at 10% formalin. After tissue processing, five micron sections were stained with Hematoxylin- eosin and evaluated for morphometric changes of testicular tissue. Data were evaluated with One-Way ANOVA test and Duncan post-hoc test. Results: The mean diameter of seminiferous tubules and testis capsule thickness indicated no significant differences between fenugreek treatment and diabetic control groups (P> 0.05). Mean body weight of male embryos was significantly lower in fenugreek treatment group in comparison with the diabetic control group (P&le 0.05). The leydig, sertoli and spermatogonial cells number was significantly higher in fenugreek treatment group in compression with diabetic control group                      (P&le 0.05). Conclusion: The present study showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of fenugreek seeds may increase leydig, sertoli and spermatogonial cells number in testis of diabetic rats

Effect of Fenugreek Seed Extract (Trigonella Foenum-graecum) on Brachial Region of the Spinal Cord of an 18-Day Old Rat Offspring with Diabetes

Abstract Background & aim: Diabetes can affect the spinal cord, an important part of the central nervous system. Fenugreek seed has been suggested to have potential antidiabetic effects. This study was conducted to assess the effects of Fenugreek seed extract (trigonella foenum-graecum ) on fetal spinal cord structure, specifically in the brachial enlargement cord in an 18-day old fetus of diabetic mothers treated with extracts in comparison with the control groups' mothers. Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, sixteen healthy female rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: Healthy control, Diabetes control, Fenugreek control, Fenugreek treatment. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotcin (50 mg/kg). All four groups became pregnant by natural mating. After formation of the nervous system, two fetuses from each group were expelled by cesarean after performing anesthesia on the animals on 18th day of pregnancy furthermore their brachial enlargement spinal cord samples were taken. Finally, the tissue sections were prepared by routine procedures and diverse histological parameters were examined. The collected data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results: results showed that fetal body weight on the diabetic control group was significantly higher compared to the other groups (P≤ 0/05). Moreover, significant reductions in the transvers and vertical diameters in central channel of the spinal cord and as well in the number of neurons of the spinal cord gray matter in the diabetic control groups in comparison with the other groups were observed (P≤0/05). Conclusion: The hyperglycemic effect of maternal diabetes during fetal period causes abnormalities, especially in the brachial enlargement of spinal cord, including changes in the spinal cord and neurons number in the gray matter. Disorders occurring in the prenatal remains and may perhaps cause lack of ability to perform certain physical activities. Key words: Fenugreek, Streptozotocin, Diabetes, Spinal Cor

Effects of Juglans Regia Leaves Ethanolic Extract on Changes of Spinal Cord Lumbo-Sacral Region in Diabetic Rats Fetus

Abstract Background & aim: Nervous system is one of the organs that suffer from the side-effects of diabetes. This study investigated the effect of Juglans regia ethanolic leafextract on lumbo-sacral spinal cord in 18 and 20 days old fetus of diabetic mother rats. Methods: A total of 16 Sprague Dawley female rats became diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). The animals were randomly divided into four groups. Rats in all groups became pregnant by natural mating. In their first day of pregnancy, they received walnut leaf extract at a dose of 250 mg/ kg. After formation of the nervous system, two fetuses were obtained after anesthezing animals on 18th and 20th gestational days.The animals were euthanized, their birth weight were recorded and the lumbo-sacral spinal cord samples were taken and fixed. Tissue sections were prepared by routine procedures and different histological parameters were examined. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results: Significant decrease in the transverse diameter, vertical diameter, and the number of neurons in the spinal cord gray matter of the spinal cord at days 18 and 20 of pregnancy in the diabetic group compared to other groups was observed (p ≤ 0.05) and a significant difference in the number of neurons in the spinal cord white matter was observed on day 18 of pregnancy (p≤0.05). Conclusion: This study confirmed the ameliorative effects of ethanolic extract of walnut leaves in controlling the metabolic disorders in diabetic pregnancy on the fetus's central nervous system. Key words: Juglans regia leaves, Diabetic, Spinal cor

Effect of Maternal Diabetes on Cerebellum Histomorphometry in Neonatal Rats

Introduction: In pregnant mothers, maternal diabetes occurs when pancreas can't produce enough insulin resulting in increased blood glucose levels in the mother and subsequently in the fetus. This investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of maternal diabetes on cerebellum of offspring of diabetic mothers (ODM), which was carried out at the veterinary faculty of Shiraz University in 2007-2008. Methods: This was an experimental study that included sixteen normal adult female rats divided in two groups. Diabetes was induced in one group by Alloxan agent. Both groups became pregnant by natural mating . At 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after birth, the cerebellum of all offsprings were collected and the weight of neonates was also measured. After producing histological slides, Olympus BX51 microscope and ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ Olysia softwarwere used. Various histological parameters used included gray and white matters thicknesses (µ), the number of cells in gray and white matter separately per unit and the ratio of gray matter to white matter. Results: Cerebellar parameters decreased in ODM as compared to the control group. The body weight of ODM was significantly more than that of the control group (p< 0.05). Conclusions: Maternal hyperglycaemia exhibited deleterious effects on cerebellum during fetal life, which remained persistent during postneonatal period. Maternal diabetes also resulted in reduction of number of cells and thicknesses of both gray and white matter

The simulation of vibration at the supine patient\u2019s body in HEMS

The associated risk for a patient taking advantage of Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) mainly relates to vibrations. To this aim, especially in case of trauma and serious illness and long travels, aspects related to the vibrations effects on the patient needs to be properly investigated, taking into account the particular features of the helicopter used for HEMS. The purpose of this paper is the integrated simulation of vertical vibration at the supine patient\u2019s body, lying down on a rescue litter, in HEMS. Here, a 3D structural model of a reference helicopter, the Aerospatiale Gazelle, has been developed in ABAQUS and integrated with a dynamic model where aerodynamic forcing functions due to rotor are modelled. The accelerations at the litter location in the helicopter structural model are recorded and used as inputs to the supine patient\u2019s body model in MATLAB. The Multi-Body (MB) model of the patient\u2019s body consists of three interconnected masses of the head-neck, torso-arms and pelvis-legs. The simulation is carried out for single manoeuvre and the vibration information is extracted at the three body segments. This predictive approach of integrated simulation of the helicopter-patient is an effective tool in investigating of biodynamic response of the patient in HEMS. The benefits of this approach are reducing the risk and costs of running the experiments, providing suggestions on redesigning of litters and controlling the vibration on the litters in HEMS

Efficient Iterative Methods with and without Memory Possessing High Efficiency Indices

Two families of derivative-free methods without memory for approximating a simple zero of a nonlinear equation are presented. The proposed schemes have an accelerator parameter with the property that it can increase the convergence rate without any new functional evaluations. In this way, we construct a method with memory that increases considerably efficiency index from 81/4≈1.681 to 121/4≈1.861. Numerical examples and comparison with the existing methods are included to confirm theoretical results and high computational efficiency

Comparison of some physicochemical properties and toughness of camel meat and beef

The objective of this study was to identify factors influencing the toughness of longissimus dorsi (LD) and psoas major (PM) muscles of camel and to compare it with that of beef. Total collagen content was slightly higher, whereas insoluble collagen content was significantly higher in muscles of older animals. The Warner-Bartzler shear force (WBSF) value was significantly (P&amp;lt;0.05) higher for camel meat than beef, and this value increased with age in camel meat. Significant correlations between insoluble collagen content and WBSF were found in camel meat (r=0.850; P&amp;lt;0.01) and beef (r=0.643; P &amp;lt;0.05). Sarcomere length was numerically higher in muscles of younger than older animals. Camel meat had significantly higher pH values than beef at 6 and 24 h post-slaughter and the LD and PM muscles of younger animals had a significant higher pH values than older ones