A rare case report of subscapular artery

Axillary artery is one of the most important arteries of the upper limb, which is a continua- tion of the subclavian artery. It begins at the lateral border of the first rib and ends at the inferior border of the teres major where it becomes the brachial artery. Axillary artery has six important branches included: 1) Superior thoracic artery 2) Thoracoacromial artery 3) Lateral thoracic artery 4) Subscapular artery 5) Posterior circumflex humeral artery 6) Anterior circumflex humeral artery. Subscapular artery arises from the third part of axillary artery normally and then divides into cir- cumflex scapular artery that extremely enters the triangular space. The other branch of subscapular artery, the thoracodorsal artery, accompanies thracodorsal nerve to lateral border of scapula and supplies and innervates that region. In this case the subscapular artery was absent in both sides and instead of that the circumflex scapular artery was directly derived from axillary artery and the thoracodorsal artery is separated from circumflex scapular artery as a thin and short branch, too. It seemed that the lateral thoracic artery, which was thicker than its normal condition, supplied the muscles of the lateral part of scapula and the thoracodorsal muscle. Other branches of the axillary artery demonstrated without any abnormally. Since axillary artery has the highest rate of rapture and damage coming after the popliteal artery, knowing the variations is important and essential for surgeons, radiologist and anatomist

Hypoglycemic Activity of Fumaria parviflora in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Purpose: Fumaria parviflora Lam (Fumariaceae) has been used in traditional medicine in the treatment of several diseases such as diabetes. The present work was designed to evaluate the hypoglycaemic effects of methanolic extract (ME) of F. parviflora in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: The rats used were allocated in six (I, II, III, IV, V and VI) experimental groups (n=5). Group I rats served as ‘normal control’ animals received distilled water and group II rats served as ‘diabetic control’ animals. Diabetes mellitus was induced in groups II, V and VI rats by intraperitoneal single injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 55 mg kg-1). Group V and VI rats were addi-tionally treated with ME (150 mg kg-1 day-1 and 250 mg kg-1 day-1, i.p. respectively) 24 hour post STZ injection, for seven consecutive days. Groups III and IV rats received only ME 150 mg kg-1 day-1 and 250 mg kg-1 day-1, i.p. respectively for seven days. The levels of blood glucose were determined using a Glucometer. Results: Administra-tion of F. parviflora extract showed a potent glucose lowering effect only on streptozo-tocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats below 100 mg/dl (P<0.001). However, no significant differences in the blood glucose levels were recorded between diabetic rats received 125 or 250 mg/kg of plant extracts. Conclusion: The findings of the study indicated that F. parviflora has significant hypoglycemic effect on STZ-induced diabetic rats with no effects on blood glucose levels of normal rats

Effects of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Simultaneous Treatment with Allium Cepa on Biochemical Parameters and Ultrastructure of Ovarian Tissues of Rats

Introduction: This study investigated the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) (50 Hz, 3 mT) on biochemical parameters of rats’ ovarian tissues and the impact of Allium cepa on the reduction of potential adverse influences of electromagnetic exposure. Material and Methods: In this study 40 female Wistar rats were divided into four groups, including (1) control group (with 3 cc normal saline), (2) ELF-EMF group (exposed to ELF-EMF, 50 Hz), (3) Allium cepa group (received 3 cc Allium cepa), and (4) ELF-EMF and Allium cepa group (exposed to ELF-EMF and simultaneously received Allium cepa daily for 6 weeks. Results: The MDA levels significantly increased in the second group, which were exposed to ELF-EMF and decreased in normal rats that received Allium cepa. Although, SOD, GPx, and CAT activities significantly decreased in ELF-EMF group, the combination treatment with Allium Cepa on exposed rats restored their activities to normal levels. The conduction of transmission electron microscopy study on ELF-EMF group revealed the changes regarding cytoplasmic organelles in the ovarian follicles of exposed rats. Moreover, irregular oocyte with damaged heterochromatic nuclei was observed. In degenerative oocyte, mitochondria lost their cristae Conclusion: The results of the present study suggested that ELF-EMF exposure might cause deleterious effect on ovarian tissues in rats, which may lead to infertility and subfertility. Moreover, using Allium cepa as a nutritional supplement can have beneficial effects in the protection of biological antioxidants and reproductive systems in cases exposed to ELF-EMF

QUERCETIN CAUSES TO DECREASE PROXIMAL TUBULES APOPTOTIC CELLS IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RAT

Enhanced oxidative stress and changes in antioxidant capacity are considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetes mellitus. Wistar male rat (n=40) were allocated into three groups, control group (n=1O) and quercetin (QR) group that received 15mg/kg (IP) QR, (n= 10), and Diabetic group that received 55mgjkg (IP) streptozotocin (STZ) (n=20) which was subdivided to two groups of 10STZ group and treatment group. Treatment group received 55mgjkg (IP) STZ plus 15mg/jkg QR, daily for 4 weeks, respectivelyhowever, the control group just received an equal volume of distilled water daily(IP) . Diabetes were induced by a single (IP) injection of streptozotocin (55mg/kg). Animals were kept in standard condition. In 28 day after inducing diabetic 5 mL blood were collected for Total Af1tioxidant Capacity (TAC), Malondi Dehyde (MDA) and Oxidized Low density Lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) levels and kidney tissues of Rat in whole groups were removed then prepared for Apoptosis analysis by Tunel metho. Apoptotic cells significantly decreased in group that has received 15mg/kg (IP) quercetin (

Investigating the Antioxidant Effect of Allium cepa After Exposure to Escherichia coli on Biochemical Factors, the Blood Antioxidants, and Testis Tissue in Rats

Objective: Infectious infertility is considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a main problem in sexual life and public health. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant properties and the effect of Allium cepa (onion) juice on the tissue of testis and seminiferous tubules affected by Escherichia coli. Materials and Methods: Thirty-Two adult Wistar male rats aging 2.5 to 3 months divided to four groups of 8 rats. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (serotype 0114) used to infect the rats. Onions prepared from the district Ilkhichi, Iran which were used for two groups. Following the infection, pathologic samples were prepared from the tissue of the sperms which were investigated through hematoxylin & eosin (H & E) staining. In addition, the motility, vitality, the number of sperms, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone were evaluated as well. Results: Results indicated that in the control group all the seminiferous tubules are sticking together and all the lines of sexual germ cells observed;while, in E. coli group were disunited and the line of sexual cells were destroyed. In the groups infected by E. coli and treated by A. cepa juice, the effects of bacteria reduced considerably. The number of sperms, sperms vitality and motility decreased significantly in E. coli infected group, while in the A. cepa juice + E.coli the effects of infectious was reduced. The results of the study showed that A. cepa juice significantly increases TAC and testosterone. Conclusion: The results indicated A. cepa juice has protective effects against E .coli bacteria and fertility, testis tissue and antioxidants improvement and the effects of the bacteria decreased significantly

THE ANTI-OXIDANT EFFECTS OF GINGER AND CINNAMON ON SPERMATOGENESIS DYS-FUNCTIONING DIABETES RATS.

Background: Diabetes has being linked to reproductive dysfunction and plant medicine has been shown to be effective in its treatment. Anti-oxidants have distinctive effects on spermatogenesis, sperm biology and oxidative stress, and changes in anti-oxidant capacity are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetes mellitus. Ginger and cinnamon are strong anti-oxidants and have been shown to reduce oxidative stress in the long-term treatment of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in animal models. The present study aims at examining the influence of combined ginger and cinnamon on spermatogenesis in STZ-induced diabetes in male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Animals (n = 80) were allocated randomly into eight groups, 10 each: Group 1: Control rats given only 5cc Normal saline (0.9% NaCl) daily;Group2: rats received ginger (100mg/kg/rat) daily; Group 3: rats received cinnamon (75mg/kg) daily; Group 4: rats received ginger and cinnamon, (100mg/kg/rat ginger and 75mg/kg cinnamon) daily; Group 5: Diabetic control rats received only normal saline. Group 6: Diabetic rats received 100mg/kg/day ginger; Group 7: Diabetic rats received 75mg /kg/ day cinnamon; Group 8: Diabetic rats received ginger and cinnamon (100mg/kg/day and 75mg/kg /day). Diabetes was induced with 55 mg/kg, single intra-peritoneal injection of STZ in all groups. At the end of the experiment (56th day), blood samples were taken for determination of testosterone, LH,FSH, total anti-oxidant capacity, and levels of malondialdehyde, SOD, Catalase and GPX. All rats were euthanized, testes were dissected out and spermatozoa were collected from the epididymis for analysis. Results: Sperm numbers, percentages of sperm viability and motility, and total serum testosterone increased in ginger and cinnamon and combined ginger and cinnamon treated diabetic rats compared with control groups. Serum testosterone, LH and FSH were higher compared to control group and also serum anti-oxidants (TAC, SOD, GPX and catalase) all were increased at the end of treatment. Combined ginger and cinnamon showed more intense increase in all parameters compare to ginger and cinnamon alone. Most of the results were significant (

EFFECT OF ROSMARINIC ACID ON SERTOLI CELLS APOPTOSIS AND SERUM ANTIOXIDANT LEVELS IN RATS AFTER EXPOSURE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

Rosmarinic acid belongs to the group of polyphenols; it has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities and help to prevent cell damage caused by free radicals. The objective was to study the effect of Rosmarinic acid on sertolli cells apoptosis and serum antioxidant levels in rats after they were exposed to electromagnetic fields. Male Wistar rats (n=40) were allocated into three groups: control group (n=10) that received 5cc normal saline (0.9% NaCl) daily by gavage method, Rosmarinic acid group that received 5mg/rat (gavage) (n=10), electromagnetic fields (EMF) group that had exposure with 50hz (n=20) which was subdivided to two groups of 10; EMF group and treatment group. Treatment group received 5mg/rat (gavage) Rosmarinic acid daily for 6weeks, respectively. However, the control group just received an equal volume of distilled water daily (gavage). On the 42nd day of research, 5cc blood was collected to measure testosterone hormones, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), levels from whole group’s analysis. Level of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and sertoli cells apoptosis significantly decreased in the group that received 5mg/rat of Rosmarinic acid (