Efficient electrochemical model for lithium-ion cells

Lithium-ion batteries are used to store energy in electric vehicles. Physical models based on electro-chemistry accurately predict the cell dynamics, in particular the state of charge. However, these models are nonlinear partial differential equations coupled to algebraic equations, and they are computationally intensive. Furthermore, a variable solid-state diffusivity model is recommended for cells with a lithium ion phosphate positive electrode to provide more accuracy. This variable structure adds more complexities to the model. However, a low-order model is required to represent the lithium-ion cells' dynamics for real-time applications. In this paper, a simplification of the electrochemical equations with variable solid-state diffusivity that preserves the key cells' dynamics is derived. The simplified model is transformed into a numerically efficient fully dynamical form. It is proved that the simplified model is well-posed and can be approximated by a low-order finite-dimensional model. Simulations are very quick and show good agreement with experimental data

A New Adaptive Controller for Performance Improvement of Automotive Suspension Systems with MR Dampers

© SAE,Khajepour, A. and Agrawal, A., "A New Adaptive Controller for Performance Improvement of Automotive Suspension Systems with MR Dampers," SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars - Mech. Syst. 7(3):959-971, 2014, doi:10.4271/2014-01-0052.A control algorithm is developed for active/semi-active suspensions which can provide more comfort and better handling simultaneously. A weighting parameter is tuned online which is derived from two components - slow and fast adaptation to assign weights to comfort and handling. After establishing through simulations that the proposed adaptive control algorithm can demonstrate a performance better than some controllers in prior-art, it is implemented on an actual vehicle (Cadillac STS) which is equipped with MR dampers and several sensors. The vehicle is tested on smooth and rough roads and over speed bumps.Maplesoft Corporatio

Effect of partial replacement of dietary fish meal with soybean meal on some hematological and serum biochemical parameters of juvenile Beluga, Huso huso

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of partial replacement of dietary fish meal with soybean meal (SBM) on some blood and serum parameters of Beluga (Huso huso) juveniles. Three isonitrogenic and isoenergetic diets, as SBM1 (Soybean meal protein (SBP):Fishmeal Protein (FP) = 1:3), SBM2 (SBP:FP = 2:3) and SBM3 (SBP:FP = 1:1) were fed to triplicate groups of fish. After 8 weeks feeding on the experimental diets, blood parameters were measured. The results revealed that of partial replacement of dietary fish meal with soybean meal had no effect on, leukocyte (WBC) levels, red blood cell counts (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean cellular hemoglobin (MCH) or mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (P>0.05). However, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and hematocrit (Hct) values were significantly decreased by increasing dietary soybean meal (P<0.05). Serum glucose had significantly affected by increasing soybean meal. While total protein, phosphorus or calcium remained unaffected between groups. These results indicated that partial replacement of dietary fish meal with soybean meal could affect on some haematological and biochemical parameters in beluga which should be studied in future

Convergence Rate For The Ordered Upwind Method

The ordered upwind method (OUM) is used to approximate the viscosity solution of the static Hamilton---Jacobi---Bellman with direction-dependent weights on unstructured meshes. The method has been previously shown to provide a solution that converges to the exact solution, but no convergence rate has been theoretically proven. In this paper, it is shown that the solutions produced by the OUM in the boundary value formulation converge at a rate of at least the square root of the largest edge length in the mesh in terms of maximum error. An example with similar order of numerical convergence is provided.postprin

Laminated Injection Mould with Conformal Cooling Channels: Optimization, Fabrication and Testing

Conformal cooling channels follow the cavity shape and can provide a better cooling performance in injection moulds. Laminated tooling is one of the techniques for manufacturing injection moulds with conformal cooling systems. A laminated tool is made by stacking metal sheets of varying thicknesses from which pre–calculated profiles have been cut. The stacked sheets result in a jagged die surface that has to be finished before use. Although larger number of small thickness sheets result in small irregularities that can be finished easily, it increases the cost of profile cutting process. Therefore, one of the issues in laminated tooling is determination of sheet thicknesses so that the laminated die can be made optimally. In this paper, an optimization method is presented to find the best size of the various laminas based on CAD model surface geometry such that the surface jaggedness and the number of slice is reduced at the same time. The final mould is fabricated based on suggested optimization method. It is then tested to show the improvement in cooling performance as compared to the same die with conventional cooling channels.This work has been supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canad