Comparative Study on Atmospheric Corrosivity of Under Shelter Exposure in Yangon and Mandalay (Myanmar)

Corrosion is a degrading process and it is the main degradation problem in building industry around the world. This study emphasises on the corrosivity classification of studied areas and discusses long term prediction for thickness loss of carbon steel and weathering steel under shelter condition. Two locations, Yangon and Mandalay, are selected as study areas in Myanmar. Corrosion rates are measured after one year exposure. The pollutant data of sulphur dioxide and chloride deposition rates are measured according to JIS Z 2382 and the meteorological data are collected by Easy USB data logger. The corrosion rate is classified based on ISO 9223 by evaluating the important atmospheric variables, such as time of wetness, CL- and SO2. The classes of sulphur dioxide and chloride deposition rate can be seen low level for both areas and Time of Wetness (TOW) can be seen τ4 for Yangon and τ3 for Mandalay.So, according to ISO 9223, the corrosivity category for Yangon area is C3 and that for Mandalay area is C2-C3. The actual mass loss for weathering steel is a little more than that of carbon steel in Yangon and adverse condition can be seen in Mandalay after one year period. Then the future corrosion rates of studied areas are discussed based on long time test results from JFE Steel Corporation, Japan. From this, weathering steel is suitable when chloride deposition rate is less than or equal to 0.05 mdd because of its protective properties

Biosynthesis and Characterization of Ipomea Leaf Extract Based Copper Nanoparticles and Its Antimicrobial Activities

Nanotechnology broadly refers to a field of applied science and technology with tremendous implications for society, industry and medicine. Biosynthesis is gaining attention due to its cost effective, eco-friendly and large scale production possibilities. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) with different structural properties and effective biological effects may be fabricated using new green protocols. The importance of copper nanoparticles, compared to other metal nanoparticles, is due to the high conductivity. Biological methods involve the use of plant extracts, bacteria and fungi. In this study, the leaf of Ipomea sp. L. was taken to investigate their potential for synthesizing copper nanoparticles. These synthesized CuNPs were characterized by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The crystalline size of synthesized copper nanoparticles was found in 35.79 nm. CuNPs were investigated antimicrobial activities by Agar-well diffusion method on seven microorganisms. CuNPs showed the medium activity on Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Staphylococcus aureus and high activity on Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans

Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Rhizome Extract

The rhizome of Shwe-pan was collected from Pyipan village, Kyaukse Township, Mandalay Region. The preliminary detection of phytochemical compounds presents in rhizome extracted was carried out by phytochemical tests. The elemental analysis of rhizome extracted was also investigated by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) Spectroscopy. An experiment has been synthesized the copper oxide nanoparticles using an aqueous solution extracted from the rhizome of Shwe-pan. The size distribution of nanoparticles surface and morphology of copper oxide nanoparticles were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) method and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) method. The characteristic absorption peaks of copper oxide nanoparticles were analysis by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. Antimicrobial activities of synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles were examined by agar well diffusion method on tested microorganisms. The synthesis of nanoparticles using the rhizome extract is an affordable method and it reduces the environmental pollution

Analyzing Rules to Detect Attacks in Unauthorized Accesses

Due to increasing incidents of cyber attacks,building effective intrusion detection systems areessential for protecting information systems security,and yet it remains an elusive goal and a great challenge.Current intrusion detection systems (IDS) examine alldata features to detect intrusion or misuse patterns andsome attacks were detected as normal attacks may bevulnerability the whole system. Some of the features maybe redundant or low importance during detectionprocess. This paper utilizes a procedure for analyzingthe attack features and developing rules by combiningsignature analysis with automated techniques toimprove readability, comprehensibility, and maintainabilityof rules. We apply one of the efficient datamining algorithms called random forests for networkintrusion detection. Empirical results prove that theproposed method can get the high accuracy in detectionthe attacks in unauthorized accesses such aswarezmaster attack and buffer overflow attack

Qualitative and Quantitative Investigations of Amino Acids Content from the Flowers of Moringa olifera Lam. (Dan-da-lun)

In the present research work, one of Myanmar well-known medicinal plants, Moringa olifera Lam., Myanmar named Dan-da-lun was selected for chemical investigations. Firstly, the preliminary phytochemical screenings of selected sample were carried out. Furthermore, mineral contents of selected sample were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) method. Moreover, qualitative tests of amino acids were examined. In addition, the qualitative determination of total amino acid content in selected plant materials were estimated by one and two dimensional Paper Chromatography methods and Thin Layer Chromatography methods by using the color developer ninhydrin reagent and identified with standard amino acids. Finally, the quantitative determination of amino acid content was determined by using two dimensional Paper Chromatography, ninhydrin assay method and UV visible spectrophotometer. The content percentages of some amino acids in flowers of Dan-da-lun were calculated as Arginine 0.8%, Aspartic acid 1.6%, Glycine 2.64%, Lysine 2.0%, Threonin 0.6%, and Valine 0.6% by applying the various concentration absorbance curves of standard six amino acids

Grain Quality of Paw San Varieties from Pathein, Pyapon and Shwebo Townships

Aromatic rice has become popular and gets the higher price than non-aromatic rice in the local and international markets. Paw San rice is one of the famous aromatic rice variety in Myanmar. The aim of this study was to compare the grain quality of the Paw San varieties from U To village (Pathein), Let Pan village (Pyapon) and Thee Lone village (Shwebo). A total of 13kg (10 pyis) of Paw San rice seeds were collected for each Paw San group (early, medium, late and Taung Pyan) from the farmers in each Town-ship and seed moisture content were kept at 13%. Gain quality tests such as head rice percentage, milled grain length and grain length-width ratio, kernel elongation after cooking and grain aroma were carried out at Yezin Agricultural University (YAU). Amylose content, gelatinization temperature and gel con-sistency were analyzed at Department of Agricultural Research (DAR). Four groups of Paw San varie-ties such as Paw San Yin (PSY), Paw San That Latt (PSTL), Paw San Gyi (PSG) and Paw San Taung Pyan (PSTP) were cultivated in the study areas. Among the collected Paw San varieties, most consumer preference characters were found in Paw San Yin (Pyapon) such as medium length and length-width ratio of milled grain, strong aroma and slow harden on cooling. Moreover, most consumer acceptance characters such as the higher head rice percentage, sticky and less time required for cooking were also found in Paw San Gyi (Shwebo). Generally, all of the Paw San varieties from Pathein and Pyapon except PSTP (Pyapon) had aroma scores which were higher than that of varieties from Shwebo

Study on Production Characters of Cultivated Cotton Varieties in Selected Cotton Growing Areas of Myanmar

A base line survey was conducted to observe farmers’ cultivated varieties in the cotton growing areas and to investigate the farmers’ preferred characters which are demanded for future use in cotton breeding program. A total of 100 respondent farmers from 5 townships were interviewed using a struc-tured questionnaires. Focus group discussion was also done among farmers in each township. The re-spondent farmers were asked to evaluate the cultivated cotton varieties using preference scale. Accord-ing to the survey data, the five varieties, Ngwechi-6, Shwe Daung-8, Ngwechi-9, RAKA-F1 and RAKA-F2 were farmers’ cultivated varieties in the survey sites. On the basis of benefit cost ratio (BCR), Ngwechi-6 was found to have more commercial benefit than the other cultivated cotton varieties. In the comparison of the varieties on the basis of farmers’ preferred ten characters, farmers’ preference were significantly different in all characters across varieties except growth in drought condition and boll size. The highest preference score in the yield character was found in RAKA-F1 and the lowest score in Ngwechi-9. There was clear evidence of a preference in RAKA-F1 hybrid cotton for all characters. No significant difference and the least preference were found between two varieties, Shwe Daung-8 and RAKA-F2. The farmers had different preferred characters for different cultivated cotton varieties and the most important varietal characters were high yield, pest resistance and adaptability. Hence, the breeding efforts should be done to supply a range of new cotton varieties that can fulfill the farmers’ requirement

Detection of Blast Resistance genes on Cultivated Rice in Myanmar using SSR and InDel Markers

The present study was conducted to detect the presence of blast resistance genes in cultivated rice in Myanmar. Thirteen blast resistance genes _Pib, Pik, Pik-h, Pik-m, Pik-s, Pi7, Pish, Pita, Pita-2, Piz-t, Pi(5)t and Piz-5_were screened on 57 released varieties by using 13 linked markers; 12 Simple Sequence Repeats and one Insertion Deletion, through polymerase chain reaction based methods. The genetic frequencies of these 13 major blast resistance genes ranged from 43.86% (Pik-m) to 7.02% (Piz-t) whereas Pita resistance gene amplicon was not observed on all tested varieties. The Pik-m gene was detected as the most prevalent one amongst the genotypes followed by Pi7 which distributed in frequency of 42.11%, Pik , Pita-2 and Pi5(t) (22.81%), Pik-s (21.05%) , Pib and Pik-h (19.30%), Pik (17.54%), Piz-5 (14.04%) and Pish (12.28%). The genotypic variation between the released varieties was detected. Among 57 released varieties, two varieties — Manawthuka and Mote Soe Ma Kyway Pyay line MMK 03-23-3 — possessed seven blast resistance genes the other 12 varieties carried single genes, five varieties five resistance genes, 13 varieties four resistance genes, six varieties three resistance genes and 15 varieties two resistance genes. In the rest four varieties resistance genes could not be amplified by tested markers. This study provided the information of resistant varieties that will be beneficial in pre-breeding program for developing of rice blast resistance varieties

Molecular detection of Dirofilaria immitis and its Wolbachia endosymbionts in dogs from Myanmar

Heartworm disease in dogs and cats caused by Dirofilaria immitis continues to be a major clinical issue globally. This study focused on dogs suspicious of having tick-borne diseases (TBD) brought to a clinic and a veterinary teaching hospital in Myanmar. Blood samples were collected and initially screened using SNAP® 4Dx® Plus test kit. All dog blood samples were subjected to conventional PCR to detect both Dirofilaria spp. (cox1 gene) and Wolbachia spp. (16S rDNA) infections. Infection with D. immitis was detected in 14 (28.0%) of 50 examined samples, while the detection rate of TBD causative agents, including Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia canis, was 26.0% (13/50) and 26.0% (13/50), respectively, as determined by ELISA rapid test. In this study, D. immitis infection was moderately but significantly correlated with TBD infections (Pearson’s r = 0.397, P = 0.008). Comparative sequence and phylogenetic analyses provided molecular identification of D. immitis in Myanmar and confirmed the identity of its Wolbachia endosymbiont with Wolbachia endosymbionts isolated from D. immitis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Aedes aegypti. The present study contributes to our understanding of the coexistence of D. immitis and Wolbachia endosymbiosis in dogs, and the findings may benefit the future prevention and control of dirofilariasis in dogs

Serological Survey and Factors Associated with Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Domestic Goats in Myanmar

Goat farming is important for the livelihood of millions of rural people because it contributes to food security and creation of assets. However, infection of goats with Toxoplasma gondii could be a source of parasite transmission to humans. The information on T. gondii infection of goat was not reported yet in Myanmar. A total of 119 goat serum samples were collected from three cities in the central region of Myanmar for T. gondii antibody survey. With the occurrence value obtained in this first study, a second one, more complete, with larger number (162) of animals and properties, was carried out and the risk factors and prevalence were determined. In both studies the samples were analyzed by the LAT. Of these, 32 (11.4%) samples were showed to be positive. The infection was associated with the presence of cats at the farm (odds ratio [OR] = 4.66, 95% confidential interval [CI] = 1.03-21.06), farming with different animal species (sheep, cattle, and pigs) (OR = 4.33, 95% CI = 1.57-11.94), and farming without good management practices (OR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.06-0.83). This is the first T. gondii prevalence study in goats in the country