AIR POLLUTION AND HOSPITAL INFECTION - A REVIEW ARTICLE

Introduction:The number of microbes in the air varies based on the extent of industrial activities going on in a specific place; the more industrial a city is, the more susceptible to permanent pollution it is [more than 10000 per mm square].Hospital operation rooms must be free from any kind of microbe and, even, the number of phytochemicals should not exceed 20; however, each gram of hospital dust contains about 1,200,000 streptococcus pathogens. The densely populated areas of hospitals that are poorly ventilated and lighted are favorable conditions for the transmission of microbes. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies Investigating the incidence and control of Air pollution and hospital infection. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Investigating the incidence and control of Air pollution and hospital infection were selected. Findings:It is difficult to determine the main sources of pathogenic flora; but, in general, it can be said that the population density of a specific spot, the presence of patients and the equipment used by them, and, any transport of objects causes the spread of pathogenic flora. Discussion and conclusion:Air pollution in hospitals is several times as important as other places. It often leads to the deaths of sick patients in hospitals. Therefore, we have to try to prevent the air pollution of hospitals by using air conditioning and health measures. Key words: Air pollution , hospital infection , contro

Evaluation of Liver Enzymes in Normal Pregnancies in a University Hospital of Zabol Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: Changes in endocrine, nervous, renal, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems during pregnancy have been studied, but changes in liver function have been poorly studied. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the trend of changes in liver enzymes in normal pregnancy. Materials and methods: This prospective longitudinal study included 68 pregnant women who were referred to the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic of Amiral Momenin Hospital in Zabol in 2021. In terms of the trimester of pregnancy, the presence of underlying diseases, history of previous pregnancies, disorders of the enzymes of recent patients, the patients were evaluated, and the information from the patients' files was analyzed. Results: The average AST levels in pregnant women in the first, second, and third trimesters were 16.82, 17.47, and 18.00, respectively, which show that garlic consumption is increasing. The average PT in pregnant women decreased in the first, second, and third trimesters. The average direct and total bilirubin levels in pregnant women in the first and second trimesters showed a constant trend. The amount of total protein increased in pregnant women during the first, second, and third trimesters. In the second and third trimesters, the enzyme level was significantly higher in pregnant women than in nonpregnant women. The level of GGT in pregnant women in the first, second, and third trimesters showed a different trend. Conclusion: Accurate evaluation of patients, especially in the third trimester, is necessary from the point of view of increasing enzyme levels in other countries.

Successful vaginal delivery in locked twins: A case report

Locked twins is a rare and dangerous multiple pregnancy and generally occurs in about 1 in every 1000 twin births. A 23-year-old female with gravida 1, para 0 pregnancy was admitted. The head of the first fetus was locked to the chin of the second fetus (alive) at the top of the symphysis pubis. The uterus was relaxed with isoflurane. The legs and the back of the baby were extended to the symphysis pubis. The head of the second baby was gently positioned to the posterior walls of uterine cavity on the upper side of it. So, the locked head of the first baby was released and both fetuses were delivered vaginally. The second baby was in good condition. By recognizing the probable cases, radiological diagnosis, and punctual cesarean delivery, it is possible to avoid the fetal morbidity and mortality in locked twins

The Report of a Surgical Residual Langas Inside the Renal Pelvis 16 Years after Surgery “Case Report”

Background & Objective: Gossypiboma is the meaning of a residual foreign body such as gas in the abdomen following surgical operation, which is a rare complication of surgery. Residual of a foreign body causes mass, fistula, abscess and, obstruction after surgical operation. Computed tomography (CT) scan is a very useful method in the diagnosis of Gossipiboma. In patients who referred with abdominal pain and unexplained manifestations after surgery, Gossypiboma should be considered. Case presentation: A retrospective case study was performed in the year 2020 in a patient with a history of open kidney stone surgery in Hospital of Zabol. A 60-year-old male patient who referred with complaint of neck pain to an orthopedic doctor, which due to a history of kidney stone, the doctor orders an ultrasound of the kidneys. In the ultrasound, a number of stones are observed in the right kidney of this patient. After performing CT scan and Intravenous pyelography (IVP), a foreign body is identified inside the renal pelvis. In the following, the history taken from the patient, the history of open kidney stone surgery during 16 years ago in this patient is determined. During this period, the patient did not have any symptoms, including infection or pain in the mentioned area. Conclusion: In patients with a history of surgery who are referred with abdominal pain or mass, the residual foreign body should be included in the list of differential diagnoses

Detection of Intracellular Adhesion (ica) and Biofilm Formation Genes in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Clinical Samples

Introduction: Nosocomial infections that result in the formation of biofilms on the surfaces of biomedical implants are a leading cause of sepsis and are often associated with colonization of the implants by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Biofilm formation is thought to require two sequential steps: adhesion of cells to a solid substrate followed by cell-cell adhesion, creating multiple layers of cells. Intercellular adhesion requires the polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA), which is composed of linear β-1, 6-linked glucosaminylglycans and can be synthesized in vitro from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine by products of the intercellular adhesion (ica) locus. We have investigated a variety of Staphylococcus aureus strains and find that all strains tested contain the ica locus and that several can form biofilms in vitro. Material and Method: A total of 31 clinical S. aureus isolates were collected from Zabol, Iran. In vitro biofilm formation ability was determined by microliter tissue culture plates. All clinical isolates were examined for determination the ica locus by using PCR method. Result: The results of this study showed that 40 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 12 strains carrying the gene Cocos icaA (30%) and 8 strains carrying the gene icaD (20%) and the number of five strains (12.5%) containing both genes ica A and has been ica D. Conclusions:  S. aureus clinical isolates have different ability to form biofilm. This may be caused by the differences in the expression of biofilm related genes, genetic make-up and physiological conditions

Antibacterial Activity of Ethyl Acetate and Methanol Extracts of Securigera securidaca, Withania sominefra, Rosmarinus officinalis and Aloe vera Plants against Important Human Pathogens

Background:      Considering the importance of new antibiotics, the potential antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts of Securigera securidaca, Withania sominefra, Rosmarinus officinalis and Aloe vera plants against important human pathogens was studied.   Methods:   Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa were the pathogenic bacteria used to determine the antibacterial effect of ethyl acetate and mathanol extracts of Securigera securidaca, Withania sominefra, Rosmarinus officinalis and Aloe vera in broth micro-dilution method. Results:      The results of studying the methanol extract of S. securidaca with the lowest inhibitory concentration of 25, showed that all used bacterial pathogens were inhibited at this concentration, while the lowest inhibitory concentration of ethyl acetate extract of Securigera securidaca was 12.5, which were P. mirabilis and S. aureus is inhibited in this concentration. The highest bactericidal concentration (MBC) of S. securidaca ethyl acetate extract was 100, and S. aureus, P. aeruginosa were inhibitory at this concentration. The lowest inhibitory concentration of methanol extract of W. sominefra was 6.25, which S. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, S. aureus and E. coli bacteria were inhibited at this concentration, while the highest inhibitory concentration was observed against P. aeruginosa (25 ppm), The lowest inhibitory concentration of the ethyl acetate W. sominefra extract was 3.1ppm in comparison with P. mirabilis and E. coli. Conclusion:     In conclusion, it seems that S. securidaca, W. sominefra, R. officinalis and Aloe vera extracts could inhibit the growth of all of the mentioned bacteria

Evaluation of The Relationship between Cell-Free DNA Fetal Fraction of The Circulatory System and Fetal and Maternal Pregnancy Prognosis: A Prospective Study

Background: Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), sometimes called noninvasive prenatal screening (NIPS), is a non-invasive prenatal genetic test using cell-free DNA in maternal blood. This method is used to diagnose fetal aneuploidy disorders such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18) and Patau syndrome (trisomy 13), which causes disability disorders or significant postpartum defects. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between high and low fetal fraction (FF) and prognosis of maternal pregnancy.Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, after obtaining informed consent, 10 ml of blood was collected from 450 mothers with singleton pregnancies with gestational age above 11 weeks (11-16) at the request of NIPT for cell-free DNA BCT test. After obtaining the test results, maternal and embryonic results were evaluated based on the amount of non-cellular DNA FF. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS software version 21 and independent t test, chi-square statistical tests.Results: Based on test results, 20.5% of women were nulli par. The mean FF index in the studied women was 8.3% with a standard deviation of 4.6. The minimum and maximum values were 0 and 27, respectively. The frequency of normal, low and high FFs was 73.2, 17.3 and 9.5%, respectively.Conclusion: High FF has fewer risks to the mother and fetus than low FF. The use of FF level (high or low) can help us determining the prognosis of pregnancy and using it to better manage the pregnancy

Knowledge, attitude, practice, and clinical recommendation toward infection control and prevention standards among nurses: A systematic review

Background: The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature to describe nurses’ knowledge and practice of and attitude toward infection control and prevention standards. Methods: In the present systematic review, 4 electronic databases were searched from the inception of databases through March 2018. Quality of included studies was assessed using the Hoy tool. Results: Eighteen studies conducted on 4,577 employed nurses and nursing students entered the final stage. Results indicated that nurses in most studies had adequate knowledge (n = 10, 40%-90%) and positive attitude (n = 4, 37%-100%). However, most studies reflected average and poor nursing practices with regard to adherence to infection control and prevention standards. The most frequent recommendations proposed for improving nurses’ knowledge, attitude, and practice included periodic training via scientific conferences and relevant practical courses (n = 12), combining up-to-date theoretical and practical programs (n = 6), and training at the beginning of hospital employment (n = 4). Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate that although nurses in most studies had adequate knowledge of and positive attitude toward health care–associated infections, because of average and poor practices, they need systematic and integrated implementation of the presented recommendations

The Effect of Intravenous and Oral Fluid Therapy on Women with Third Trimester Oligohydramnios of Pregnancy and the Fetus

Background & Objective: Adequate amniotic fluid volume is one of the most important aspects of fetal health and Oligohydramnios refers to amniotic fluid volume that is less than expected for gestational age. The aim of this study was to compare the trend of amniotic fluid changes in the two groups of oral and injectable before and after fluid therapy. Materials & Methods: In the present study, pregnant women with oligohydramnios in the third trimester referring to Amir Al-Momenin Hospital (Zabol, 2019) were randomly divided into two groups of case. The first group received oral water and the second group was treated with serum therapy. Eventually, all patients underwent ultrasonography and their AFI was recalculated and compared. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20 statistical software. Results: The results of the study showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the amniotic fluid index before fluid therapy in the oral and injectable (serum therapy) groups (p = 0.426). After fluid therapy, the amniotic fluid index in the oral group was significantly higher than the injected group (p <0.001). Although in both oral and injectable groups, the amniotic fluid index increased significantly after treatment (p <0.001), the increase in the oral group was significantly higher than the injectable group. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that oral and intravenous fluid therapy improves the amniotic fluid index more than injectable fluid therapy