Fungal and bacterial involvement in nitrogen cycling and N2O production in soil

L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de déterminer le rôle des communautés microbiennes dans les émissions de N2O du sol, et plus précisément de définir dans quelle mesure les champignons sont impliqués. Par conséquent, leur structure communautaire à l'échelle micro, leur comportement dans la réduction de l'azote et la production de N2O, et leur interaction avec les communautés microbiennes impliquées dans le cycle de l'azote en tant que décomposeurs de matière organique dans le sol ont été étudiés. L'analyse des fractions de sol du parc Rothamsted a montré que les communautés fongiques changent au sein de fractions isolées, contrairement aux communautés bactériennes. De plus, des potentiels de nitrification, de dénitrification et de réduction de N2O ont été détectés dans toutes les fractions et se sont révélés liés à la chimie du carbone et de l'azote. Des expériences quantifiant la production de NO et N2O à partir de nitrite sur 24 souches de champignons de culture pure ont montré que les espèces de Fusarium sont de véritables producteurs de N2O parmi les champignons. Le suivit de NO a révélé que le milieu de nitrite est instable dans des conditions anoxiques et produit du NO abiotiquement, ce qui implique que des souches produisant du N2O à de faibles taux détoxifient ce NO plutôt que de le respirer, comme précédemment supposé. L’absence d’un nirK - p450nor dans la plupart des champignons a étayé cette hypothèse. Les relations interspécifiques entre champignons et bactéries ont été étudiées après l'addition de matière organique. Différentes modifications organiques ont déclenché des réponses distinctes en termes d’activité bactérienne et fongique sein d'une même communauté de sol. Les signatures fonctionnelles identifiées dans cette étude corroborent notre hypothèse selon laquelle les champignons sont impliqués dans la production de N2O en influençant les bactéries impliquées dans le cycle N par des processus de dégradation de glucides. Les résultats de cette thèse fournissent une base pour explorer les relations interspécifiques dans le cycle biogéochimique de l’azote dans le sol et marque une étape vers l'intégration de tous les membres de la communauté dans la recherche sur les écosystèmes du sol.The main objective of this thesis is to determine the role of microbial communities in N2O emissions from soil, and more specifically to define to what extent fungi are involved. Therefore, their community structure at the micro scale, their behavior in reducing nitrogen and producing N2O, and their impact on nitrogen cycling communities as decomposers in soil were investigated. Analysis of soil fractions of unmanaged, pristine Rothamsted Park Grass soil showed that fungal communities change within isolated fractions in contrast to bacterial communities. Also, nitrifying, denitrifying and N2O reducing potentials were detected in all fractions and found to be linked to carbon and nitrogen chemistry. Pure culture experiments on 24 fungal strains quantifying NO and N2O production from nitrite showed that Fusarium species are true N2O producers among fungi. Monitoring NO revealed that nitrite medium is unstable under anoxic conditions and produces NO abiotically, which implies that low N2O producing strains are actually detoxifying this NO rather than respiring it, as previously assumed. The lack of a nirK - p450nor in most fungi supported this hypothesis. Interspecies relationships between fungi and bacteria were studied following community development after organic matter addition. Different organic amendments triggered distinct responses of a soil community with respect to bacterial and fungal activity. Functional signatures identified in this study corroborated our hypothesis that fungi are involved in N2O production by influencing a N-cycling bacterial community via carbohydrate degradation processes. The results from this thesis provide a basis for exploring interspecies relationships in nitrogen cycling processes in soil and mark a step towards integrating all members of the community in soil ecosystem research

Implication des champignons et des bactéries dans le cycle de l'azote et la production de N2O dans le sol

The main objective of this thesis is to determine the role of microbial communities in N2O emissions from soil, and more specifically to define to what extent fungi are involved. Therefore, their community structure at the micro scale, their behavior in reducing nitrogen and producing N2O, and their impact on nitrogen cycling communities as decomposers in soil were investigated. Analysis of soil fractions of unmanaged, pristine Rothamsted Park Grass soil showed that fungal communities change within isolated fractions in contrast to bacterial communities. Also, nitrifying, denitrifying and N2O reducing potentials were detected in all fractions and found to be linked to carbon and nitrogen chemistry. Pure culture experiments on 24 fungal strains quantifying NO and N2O production from nitrite showed that Fusarium species are true N2O producers among fungi. Monitoring NO revealed that nitrite medium is unstable under anoxic conditions and produces NO abiotically, which implies that low N2O producing strains are actually detoxifying this NO rather than respiring it, as previously assumed. The lack of a nirK - p450nor in most fungi supported this hypothesis. Interspecies relationships between fungi and bacteria were studied following community development after organic matter addition. Different organic amendments triggered distinct responses of a soil community with respect to bacterial and fungal activity. Functional signatures identified in this study corroborated our hypothesis that fungi are involved in N2O production by influencing a N-cycling bacterial community via carbohydrate degradation processes. The results from this thesis provide a basis for exploring interspecies relationships in nitrogen cycling processes in soil and mark a step towards integrating all members of the community in soil ecosystem research.L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de déterminer le rôle des communautés microbiennes dans les émissions de N2O du sol, et plus précisément de définir dans quelle mesure les champignons sont impliqués. Par conséquent, leur structure communautaire à l'échelle micro, leur comportement dans la réduction de l'azote et la production de N2O, et leur interaction avec les communautés microbiennes impliquées dans le cycle de l'azote en tant que décomposeurs de matière organique dans le sol ont été étudiés. L'analyse des fractions de sol du parc Rothamsted a montré que les communautés fongiques changent au sein de fractions isolées, contrairement aux communautés bactériennes. De plus, des potentiels de nitrification, de dénitrification et de réduction de N2O ont été détectés dans toutes les fractions et se sont révélés liés à la chimie du carbone et de l'azote. Des expériences quantifiant la production de NO et N2O à partir de nitrite sur 24 souches de champignons de culture pure ont montré que les espèces de Fusarium sont de véritables producteurs de N2O parmi les champignons. Le suivit de NO a révélé que le milieu de nitrite est instable dans des conditions anoxiques et produit du NO abiotiquement, ce qui implique que des souches produisant du N2O à de faibles taux détoxifient ce NO plutôt que de le respirer, comme précédemment supposé. L’absence d’un nirK - p450nor dans la plupart des champignons a étayé cette hypothèse. Les relations interspécifiques entre champignons et bactéries ont été étudiées après l'addition de matière organique. Différentes modifications organiques ont déclenché des réponses distinctes en termes d’activité bactérienne et fongique sein d'une même communauté de sol. Les signatures fonctionnelles identifiées dans cette étude corroborent notre hypothèse selon laquelle les champignons sont impliqués dans la production de N2O en influençant les bactéries impliquées dans le cycle N par des processus de dégradation de glucides. Les résultats de cette thèse fournissent une base pour explorer les relations interspécifiques dans le cycle biogéochimique de l’azote dans le sol et marque une étape vers l'intégration de tous les membres de la communauté dans la recherche sur les écosystèmes du sol

Comparison of microbial communities colonizing different microhabitats in Rothamsted Park Grass Soil - An attempt to localize denitrifying hot-spots in the soil matrix

International audienc

Microscale localization of denitrifying communities in the soil matrix

International audienc

Dissimilatory nitrogen reduction by soil fungal community members and their possible contribution to N2O production in soi

International audienc

Arctic snowpack-soil interface - strict boundary or ecosystem trading zone?

International audienc

Global and Planetary Change / Glacial lakes in Austria - Distribution and formation since the Little Ice Age

Glacial lakes constitute a substantial part of the legacy of vanishing mountain glaciation and act as water storage, sediment traps and sources of both natural hazards and leisure activities. For these reasons, they receive growing attention by scientists and society. However, while the evolution of glacial lakes has been studied intensively over timescales tied to remote sensing-based approaches, the longer-term perspective has been omitted due a lack of suitable data sources. We mapped and analyzed the spatial distribution of glacial lakes in the Austrian Alps. We trace the development of number and area of glacial lakes in the Austrian Alps since the Little Ice Age (LIA) based on a unique combination of a lake inventory and an extensive record of glacier retreat. We find that bedrock-dammed lakes are the dominant lake type in the inventory. Bedrock- and morainedammed lakes populate the highest landscape domains located in cirques and hanging valleys. We observe lakes embedded in glacial deposits at lower locations on average below 2000ma.s.l. In general, the distribution of glacial lakes over elevation reflects glacier erosional and depositional dynamics rather than the distribution of total area. The rate of formation of new glacial lakes (number, area) has continuously accelerated over time with present rates showing an eight-fold increase since LIA. At the same time the total glacier area decreased by twothirds. This development coincides with a long-term trend of rising temperatures and a significant stepping up of this trend within the last 20 years in the Austrian Alps.FUTURELAKES(VLID)359348

Effective NO reduction mechanisms in fungi might not be coupled to denitrification

International audienc

Micro-fractionation shows microbial community changes in soil particles below 20 μm

Introduction Micro-scale analysis of microbes in soil is essential to the overall understanding of microbial organization, interactions, and ecosystem functioning. Soil fractionation according to its aggregated structure has been used to access microbial habitats. While bacterial communities have been extensively described, little is known about the fungal communities at scales relevant to microbial interactions. Methods We applied a gentle soil fractionation method to preserve stable aggregated structures within the range of micro-aggregates and studied fungal and bacterial communities as well as nitrogen cycling potentials in the pristine Rothamsted Park Grass soil (bulk soil) as well as in its particle size fractions (PSFs; >250 μm, 250–63 μm, 63–20 μm, 20–2 μm, <2 μm, and supernatant). Results Overall bacterial and fungal community structures changed in PSFs below 20 μm. The relative abundance of Basidiomycota decreased with decreasing particle size over the entire measure range, while Ascomycota showed an increase and Mucoromycota became more prominent in particles below 20 μm. Bacterial diversity was found highest in the < 2 μm fraction, but only a few taxa were washed-off during the procedure and found in supernatant samples. These taxa have been associated with exopolysaccharide production and biofilm formation (e.g., Pseudomonas , Massilia , Mucilaginibacter , Edaphobaculum , Duganella , Janthinobacterium , and Variovorax ). The potential for nitrogen reduction was found elevated in bigger aggregates. Discussion The observed changes below 20 μm particle are in line with scales where microbes operate and interact, highlighting the potential to focus on little researched sub-fractions of micro-aggregates. The applied method shows potential for use in studies focusing on the role of microbial biofilms in soil and might also be adapted to research various other soil microbial functions. Technical advances in combination with micro-sampling methods in soil promise valuable output in soil studies when particles below 20 μm are included

Effective NO reduction mechanisms in fungi might not be coupled to denitrification

International audienc