Alterations Of Gene Expression Induced By Temperature And Thyroid Hormone In Amphibian Cell Cultures

Primary epidermal cell cultures from wholly larval (tail fin) and adult (hind limb) organs were incubated briefly at temperatures between 22 and 36.5(DEGREES)C. At 32, 34 and 36.5(DEGREES)C, epidermal cell cultures from tail fin and hind limb depressed the synthesis of \u27control\u27 proteins and synthesized a novel heat shock protein (HSP) of 65 kd (pI 6.7-6.8); synthesis of an additional HSP (M(,r) = 25 kd) was detected only at 36.5(DEGREES)C. The synthesis of these HSPs is transient as control protein synthesis is virtually restored 4 hr after returning the cultures to the control (22(DEGREES)C) temperature. The results indicate that these cells respond to fluctuations in temperature by the depressed synthesis of proteins normally made at 22(DEGREES)C and the non-coordinate synthesis of HSPs.;The effect of T(,3) on the water-insoluble proteins synthesized by epidermal cell cultures was examined. Hind limb epidermal cell cultures maintained in the presence of T(,3) (3 x 10(\u27-10) moles/mL) for 36 hours synthesized water-insoluble proteins which corresponded closely in M(,r) and pI to keratins typical of epidermal differentiation. Many of these water-insoluble proteins are precipitable with rabbit anti-human cytokeratin antibodies. This suggests that T(,3) promotes a precocious induction of certain water-insoluble proteins in hind limb epidermal cell cultures that have immunochemical properties similar to mammalian keratins.;The presence of T(,3) in the culture medium did not induce changes in the water-insoluble proteins synthesized by primary tail fin epidermal cell cultures after 36 hr or 5 days. This suggests that longer exposure to, or greater concentration of T(,3) may be required to elicit a differentiative (in this case, degenerative) effect on these cell cultures. Alternatively, T(,3) may not induce any changes in the water-insoluble proteins synthesized by tissues destined for degeneration.;Treatment of R. catesbeiana in situ with T(,3) (3 x 10(\u27-10) moles/gram body weight) demonstrates that the water-insoluble proteins synthesized by hind limb epidermal cells from T(,3)-treated and control larvae are the same but differ from those induced by T(,3) in cultured epidermal cells. The discrepancy may be due to (1) an initial dedifferentiation making cultured cells more responsive to T(,3) or (2) the effects of T(,3) may be more evident in the absence of tissue-tissue interactions

Collaborative translation in a virtual classroom: proposal for a course design

The article presents a proposal for a virtual translation course during which a group of translation students from various universities collaboratively translate a comprehensive piece of work such as a book. The instruction method for the course is understood as a combination of collaborative learning and project-based learning. The students are divided into small groups who coordinate their own duties amongst themselves, supervised by course instructors. Building on the feedback received from the authors’ previous international online course in translation, the course design specifically focuses on developing two aspects of collaborative online learning projects, namely group development and the students’ self-regulation in an online environment

Picture Books as Multimodal Source Texts : Contrastive Analysis as a Tool for Depicting Image-text Interaction

Spanish title: Libros ilustrados como textos de partida multimodales : El análisis contrastivo como herramienta para mostrar la interacción imagen-texto"

Visual explicitation in intersemiotic translation

In Translation Studies, explicitation generally refers to an interlingual process where something that is implicit in the source text is made explicit in the target text. This article analyses the concept in an intersemiotic context, focusing on word-to-image translation, with the aim of determining whether word-to-image translation includes meaning construction that could be described as explicitation. The empirical data of the article is a comic contract, a verbal-only document that has been intersemiotically translated into a visual form, i.e. a comic. The analysis concluded that while some of the characteristics described for interlingual explicitation operate with verbal language-specific concepts and cannot be applied to word-to-image translation, other characteristics of explicitation – such as the specification of meaning in translation – seem well-suited for this type of intersemiotic analysis. The analysis also emphasized that distinguishing types of explicitation in word-to-image translation is complicated by the inherent differences of words and images as meaning making resources

Libros ilustrados como textos de partida multimodales El análisis contrastivo como herramienta para mostrar la interacción imagen-texto

The purposes of this article are: i) to show the rapid increase of interest in a new field of studies within the large scope of Translation Studies, known as Multimodal Studies; ii) to describe the image-text interaction of the Finnish translations of Beatrix Potter’s The Tale of Peter Rabbit, from a multimodal point of view; iii) to look into how the images in the translations of this picture book may have affected its translator’s word choices; iv) to analyze the relationship between lexical items in the source and target texts, and then compare these observations against the information offered by the image with which the item is presented; v) finally, to determine whether an explanation can be derived from the images as to why a certain item was translated the way it was.En este artículo nos proponemos: i) mostrar el rápido crecimiento de un nuevo ámbito de estudios dentro del amplio rango cubierto por los Estudios de Traducción, conocido como Estudios Multimodales; ii) describir la interacción imagen-texto de las traducciones finlandesas de The Tale  of Peter Rabbit de Beatrix Potter, desde un punto de vista multimodal; iii) indagar en el modo en que las imágenes en las traducciones de este libro ilustrado pueden haber afectado las opciones léxicas realizadas por su traductor; iv) analizar la relación entre las unidades léxicas in los textos de origen y de partida, y luego comparar estas observaciones con la información ofrecida por la imagen que corresponde a cada unidad; v) finalmente, determinar si es posible afirmar que las imágenes motivan los modos en que las unidades léxicas se han visto traducidas

Why methods matter: approaching multimodality in translation research

The study of multimodal phenomena calls upon translation scholars to cross disciplinary boundaries and adopt a range of theoretical and methodological approaches. The diversity of the multimodal landscape brings about research challenges that must be carefully addressed to ensure that these research efforts yield useful and credible results. This special issue is dedicated to a discussion on how to engage in multimodal translation research: how traditional research methods can be adapted and what kinds of novel approaches can be adopted or developed in order to deal with a diversity of multimodal data. In this introduction, we first discuss definitions of mode and multimodality and reflect on the nature of multimodality as a topic of research within Translation Studies. We then explain our rationale for dedicating the special issue to research methods and introduce three areas of multimodal translation research that, in our view, merit particular attention from a methodological point of view. Finally, we introduce the articles contained in this special issue

Why methods matter: approaching multimodality in translation research

The study of multimodal phenomena calls upon translation scholars to cross disciplinary boundaries and adopt a range of theoretical and methodological approaches. The diversity of the multimodal landscape brings about research challenges that must be carefully addressed to ensure that these research efforts yield useful and credible results. This special issue is dedicated to a discussion on how to engage in multimodal translation research: how traditional research methods can be adapted and what kinds of novel approaches can be adopted or developed in order to deal with a diversity of multimodal data. In this introduction, we first discuss definitions of mode and multimodality and reflect on the nature of multimodality as a topic of research within Translation Studies. We then explain our rationale for dedicating the special issue to research methods and introduce three areas of multimodal translation research that, in our view, merit particular attention from a methodological point of view. Finally, we introduce the articles contained in this special issue

Resistenssi : Kasvintuhoojien torjunta-ainekestävyys

Tämä raportti on Suomen oloihin sovellettu katsaus kasvinsuojeluaineiden resistenssin perusteista, esiintymisestä ja ennaltaehkäisemisestä. Raportin aineisto pohjautuu Pohjoismaisen Norbarag (Nordic Baltic Resistance Action Group) -työryhmän 2010-luvulla kokoamiin tietoihin. Kasvintuhoojat (kasvitaudit, tuhoeläimet ja rikkakasvit) haittaavat kasvintuotantoa. Kasvintuhoojien runsautta säädellään viljelykasveista kemiallisilla kasvinsuojeluaineilla eli pestisideillä. Kasvintuhoojapopulaatioon voi syntyä tai siinä voi olla luontaisesti kyky kestää pestisidiä. Tämä kestävyys eli resistenssi on perinnöllistä. Torjunta-aineita tulisi käyttää niin, ettei torjunta-aineresistenssiä synny tai ettei se lisäänny.201