The Investigation of the Chemical Composition and Applicability of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with Amygdalus communis (Almond) Leaf Aqueous Extract as Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents

The current work’s main objective was to determine the chemical composition of Amygdalus communis (AC) leaf extract and examine the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of biosynthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The chemical composition of AC leaf extract was determined using LC-ESI/MS/MS to detect compounds that may be responsible for the reducing, stabilizing, and capping steps in the synthesis of nanoparticles and their biological activities. The AC-AuNPs were spherical, with a particle size lower than 100 nm and a face-centered cubic structure. The EDX spectrum confirmed the formation of AuNPs and a negative zeta potential value (−27.7 mV) suggested their physicochemical stability. The in vitro cytotoxic efficacy of the AC-AuNPs against colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), glioma (U118), and ovarian (Skov-3) cancer cell lines and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) was evaluated by MTT assay. CaCo-2 cell proliferation was effectively inhibited by the AC-AuNPs at concentrations between 25 and 100 g mL−1. The AC-AuNPs exerted preeminent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis with an MIC of 0.02 μg/mL, whilst good activity was shown against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Candida albicans yeast with an MIC of 0.12 μg/mL. Ultimately, the results support the high antibacterial and anticancer potential of biosynthesized AuNPs from AC leaf extract

Editorial: Biological/chemical-based metallic nanoparticles synthesis, characterization, and environmental applications

[No Abstract Available]We would like to express our gratitude to the authors of the articles that were published on this Research Topic for their original and insightful research, and for the methodical updates in the review articles, all of which have helped to significantly advance our understanding of this vital scientific area. We would also like to emphasize how the utmost professionalism of the reviewers enabled the authors to meet the journal’s highest standards. Finally, we would like to express our gratitude for the efforts made by the journal’s Editorial Board and Management, who supported the entire process with precision and expertise and greatly enhanced the caliber of this Research Topic

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Allium cepa L. Peel Extract, Their Antioxidant, Antipathogenic, and Anticholinesterase Activity

The present work deals with the green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Allium cepa (yellowish peel) and the evaluation of its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase activities. For the synthesis of AgNPs, peel aqueous extract (200 mL) was treated with a 40 mM AgNO3 solution (200 mL) at room temperature, and a color change was observed. In UV-Visible spectroscopy, an absorption peak formation at ~439 nm was the sign that AgNPs were present in the reaction solution. UV-vis, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, AFM, XRD, TG/DT analyses, and Zetasizer techniques were used to characterize the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The crystal average size and zeta potential of AC-AgNPs with predominantly spherical shapes were measured as 19.47 ± 1.12 nm and −13.1 mV, respectively. Pathogenic microorganisms Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans were used for the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) test. When compared to tested standard antibiotics, AC-AgNPs demonstrated good growth inhibitory activities on P. aeuruginosa, B. subtilis, and S. aureus strains. In vitro, the antioxidant properties of AC-AgNPs were measured using different spectrophotometric techniques. In the β-Carotene linoleic acid lipid peroxidation assay, AC-AgNPs showed the strongest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 116.9 µg/mL, followed by metal-chelating capacity and ABTS cation radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 120.4 µg/mL and 128.5 µg/mL, respectively. The inhibitory effects of produced AgNPs on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes were determined using spectrophotometric techniques. This study provides an eco-friendly, inexpensive, and easy method for the synthesis of AgNPs that can be used for biomedical activities and also has other possible industrial applications

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated Diospyros kaki L. (Persimmon): determination of chemical composition and evaluation of their antimicrobials and anticancer activities

The eco-friendly synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) using biological materials is an encouraging and innovativeness approach to nanotechnology. Among other synthesizing methods, biological methods are chosen because of their high efficiency and purity in many aspects. In this work, using the aqueous extract obtained from the green leaves of the D. kaki L. (DK); silver nanoparticles were synthesized in a short time and simply with an eco-friendly approach. The properties of the synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were characterized using various techniques and measurements. In the characterization data of AgNPs, Maximum absorbance at 453.34 nm wavelengths, the average size distribution of 27.12 nm, the surface charge of −22.4 mV, and spherical appearance were observed. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis was used to assess the compound composition of D. kaki leaf extract. The chemical profiling of the crude extract of D. kaki leaves revealed the presence of a variety of phytochemicals, predominantly phenolics, resulting in the identification of five major high-feature compounds: two major phenolic acids (Chlorogenic acid and Cynarin), and tree flavonol glucosides (hyperoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, and quercetin-3- D-xyloside). The components with the highest concentrations were cynarin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin-3- D-xyloside, hyperoside, and quercetin-3-glucoside, respectively. Antimicrobial results were determined by a MIC assay. The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity against the human and food pathogen Gram (+ and −) bacteria and good antifungal activity against pathogenic yeast. It was determined that 0.03–0.050 μg/mL concentrations ranges of DK-AgNPs were growth suppressive concentrations on all pathogen microorganisms. The MTT technique was used to study the cytotoxic effects of produced AgNPs on cancer cell lines (Glioblastoma (U118), Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), Human Ovarian Sarcoma (Skov-3) cancer cell lines, and Human Dermal Fibroblast (HDF) healthy cell line). It has been observed that they have a suppressive effect on the proliferation of cancerous cell lines. After 48 h of treatment with Ag-NPs, the DK-AgNPs were found to be extremely cytotoxic to the CaCo-2 cell line, inhibiting cell viability by up to 59.49% at a concentration of 50 g mL−1. It was found that the viability was inversely related to the DK-AgNP concentration. The biosynthesized AgNPs had dose-dependent anticancer efficacy. Because of the high concentration of bioactive chemicals in Diospyros kaki, it may be employed as a biological resource in medicinal applications. DK-AgNPs were shown to be an effective antibacterial agent as well as a prospective anticancer agent. The results provide a potential approach for the biogenic production of DK-AgNPs utilizing D. kaki aqueous leaf extract

Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

Background The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic; characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic; and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95$7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019; 293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95$43·1 billion in development assistance was provided to maintain or improve health. The pandemic led to an unprecedented increase in development assistance targeted towards health; in 2020 and 2021, $1·8 billion in DAH contributions was provided towards pandemic preparedness in LMICs, and$37·8 billion was provided for the health-related COVID-19 response. Although the support for pandemic preparedness is 12·2% of the recommended target by the High-Level Independent Panel (HLIP), the support provided for the health-related COVID-19 response is 252·2% of the recommended target. Additionally, projected spending estimates suggest that between 2022 and 2026, governments in 17 (95% UI 11–21) of the 137 LMICs will observe an increase in national government health spending equivalent to an addition of 1% of GDP, as recommended by the HLIP. Interpretation There was an unprecedented scale-up in DAH in 2020 and 2021. We have a unique opportunity at this time to sustain funding for crucial global health functions, including pandemic preparedness. However, historical patterns of underfunding of pandemic preparedness suggest that deliberate effort must be made to ensure funding is maintained

Tıbbi Bir Bitki Olarak Acanthus dioscoridis L. var. dioscoridis’ in in vitro Antioksidan Aktiviteleri, Elementel Bileşimi ve Lipit Bileşenlerinin Araştırılması

Bu çalışmamızda Acanthus dioscoridis L. var. dioscoridis L.' in toprak üstü kısımlarının hekzan (HEG), etilasetat (EtOAc) ve metanol özütlerinin bazı in vitro biyolojik aktiviteleri detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Bitki özütlerinin in vitro antioksidan aktiviteleri total fenolik ve flavonoid içerikleri, DPPH serbest radikal söndürücü, metal şelatlama ve indirgeme gücü aktiviteleri bakımından test edildi. MeOH özütünün toplam fenolik madde içeriği 71.18 ?g GAE/mg olarak tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek flavonoid miktarı EtOAc özütünde tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek DPPH radikali söndürme aktivitesi ve indirgeme gücü aktivitesi MeOH özütünde belirlenmiştir. Acanthus dioscoridis L. var. dioscoridis L.' nin HEG özütü diğer özütler ile karşılaştırıldığında açık bir şekilde daha yüksek metal şelatlama aktivitesi göstermiştir.SPUFA yüzdesi anlamlı olarak SMUFA ve SSFA' dan daha yüksekti. Yüksek PUFA içeriği ve güçlü antioksidan aktiviteleri göz önüne alındığında A. dioscoridis' in tıbbi bilimlerde, kozmetik ve gıda endüstrisinde olası kullanımı önerilebilirIn our study, some in vitro biological activities of hexane (HEG), ethylacetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH) extracts of Acanthus dioscoridis L. var. dioscoridis L. aerial parts have been investigated in details. Plant extracts were tested in view of its in vitro antioxidant activities as total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, DPPH free radical-scavenging, metal chelating and reducing power activity. Total phenolic content of MeOH extract has been found as 71.18 ?g GAE/mg. The highest amount of flavonoids has been detected in EtOAc extract. The highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity and reducing power activity has been determined in MeOH extract. HEG extracts of Acanthus dioscoridis has showed clearly higher metal chelating activity when compared to other extracts. SPUFA percentage was meaningfully higher than SMUFA and SSFA. By considering the high PUFA content and strong antioxidant activities it could be concluded that A. dioscoridis could be recommended to possible use in medical science, cosmetic and food industr

Fatty acid composition of root and shoot samples of some Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) taxa growing in the east and southeast of Turkey.

The fatty acid compositions of root and shoot samples of some Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) taxa [A. gossypinus Fisch., A. amblolepis Fisch., A. edmondi (Kuntze) Sheld., A. tigridis Boiss., A. aleppicus Boiss., A. suberosus Banks & Sol. subsp. suberosus Banks & Sol., A. gummifer Labill., A. diphtherites Fenzl var. diphtherites Fenzl, and A. gymnalopecias Rech.f.] growing in the east and southeast of Turkey were determined by gas chromatography. Astragalus species contained palmitic (C 16:0) (20.13%–53.8%), linoleic (C 18:2ω6) (13.25%–41.06%), oleic (C 18:1ω-9) (5.78%–25.7%), linolenic (C 18:3ω-3) (6.1%–22.89%), and stearic acid (C 18:0) (5.16%–13.1%) in the roots and linolenic (8.9%–51.42%), palmitic (20.16%–44.88%), linoleic (7.34%–27.57%), oleic (2.45%–17.91%), and stearic acid (4.28%–8.31%) in the shoots as major components. In this study the fatty acid composition of Astragalus species showed uniform fatty acid patterns. Palmitic and stearic acids were the major saturated and linoleic and linolenic acids were the major unsaturated fatty acids in the roots and shoots

Herbs used in Traditional Foods: Coriandrum sativum and Rhus coriaria

Traditional foods are products made from locally available raw materials depending on the culture and tradition of the region. The majority of countries and regions have their own traditional foods and traditional cuisine depending on local consumption habits, methods of cooking and preparation as well as food ingredients. The herbs grown in the region have an important contribution to the rich culinary culture of the Southeastern Anatolia Region. Coriander sativum "Coriander" and Rhus coriaria "Sumac", which have been known since ancient times, are often used for traditional food and beverages in the region's cuisine due to their intensive cultivation in the Southeastern Anatolian region.These herbs, which constitute an integral component of the Southeastern Anatolia cuisine, are also effective in suppressing some undesirable effects andpreserving food for long periods of time as well as imparting flavor, aroma and flavor to food.These herbs, which are used in the traditional foods in Turkey as well as in the traditional foods in other countries wherethey are grown,are widely usedin traditional medical practices because of their antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, antioxidant properties.The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of Coriander sativum and Rhus coriariain traditional foods, their functions and their health effects

Determination of fatty acid compositions of total lipid, phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions of aboveground parts of four species of the genus Hyoscyamus.

Nine different FAs were identified in TL, TG and PL fractions. The major FAs of TL, TG, PL in all Hyoscyamus species were C16:0 (palmitic acid, PA), C18:1 n−9 (oleic acid, OLA), C18:2 n−6 (linoleic acid, LA) and C18:3 n−3 (linolenic acid, ALA). Fatty acids composition range was as follows: saturated fatty acids (SFAs) 12.45–33.91%, 31.51–41.67%, 10.32–39.03% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) 7.66–16.57%, 6.24–14.67%, 11.40–26.78% and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) 58.42–70.97%, 51.04–55.53%, 49.55–72.90% in TL, PL and TG fractions, respectively. In all Hyoscyamus species, total PUFA amounts were found to be higher than total MUFA and total SFA in TL, TG and PL fractions. The present study is a guide for biochemical and nutritional values of the Hyoscyamus species and can be useful for further investigation on industrial applications