CTD electromechanical termination users manual

This report desribes a new, easy to install, reliable electromechanical cable termination to mechanically attach and electrically connect cable lowered instrument packages to their lowering cable.Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through Grant No. OCE 8821977

Self deployable deep sea moorings

As part of a development effort in the field of moored arrays sponsored by the Office of Naval Technology, the Ocean Structures and Moorings Laboratory (OSM&L), Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering Department (AOP&E), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) conducted a study in 1991 to assess the feasibility and the merits of several self-deployable mooring designs. This study included a brief review of the state of the art, the performance of lab tests to evaluate different mooring line payout concepts, and the preliminary design of a typical candidate mooring. The results of this study are presented in this report. The report first reviews three types of single point moored arrays which are amenable to self-deployment: subsurface, subsurface with surface expression, and surface with bottom inverted catenary. It then describes the features common to all self-deploying moorings: techniques for line and instrument storage, means for controlled payout, bottom finders and lock up mechanisms, and it also outlines desirable specifications for sensor sizes, cables and connectors. Next the report reviews typical deployment scenarios from the bottom up or from the surface down as they apply to the three types of moorings retained. In its final section, the report presents the conceptual design of a 6000 meters depth capability, bottom up deployment, candidate mooring. This configuration should be of strong interest when contemplating the deployment of a large number of identical subsurface moorings, interconnected by a bottom cable, and in "close" proximity to one another. The case study outlines the design objectives and the current profiles, specifies the main components, evaluates their performance with the help of a standard computer program, and presents packaging and payout control details. Finally, a plan is proposed for the controlled, in-situ evaluation of a prototype.Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Technology under Contract No. N00014-90-C-0098

Remote and Ground-based Methods for Monitoring Vegetation Health Parameters in a Bioretention Facility

The growing contamination of surface water by stormwater runoff parallels increasing urban development. Heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are discharged from point sources and washed from impervious surfaces into surface waters, impacting the ecology of these systems, food supplies, and the source waters for drinking water. Green stormwater infrastructure reduces peak runoff and removes contaminants, while providing the structure to support microbial communities and stabilize the soil. Vegetation health plays a large role in the effectiveness of green infrastructure installations, with unhealthy vegetation reducing uptake and transpiration rates, as well as filtration effectiveness. Monitoring the health of vegetation in stormwater green infrastructure can indicate signs of water stress, disease, as well as pollutant induced toxicity. Early detection of stress in vegetation can inform management and maintenance decisions. This study examines one remote and one ground-based method for monitoring biomass and primary production in two cells of a bioretention facility, one cell (Cell 2) containing sedges, rushes and grasses and the other (Cell 3) containing a mix of sedges, rushes, grasses and broadleaf vegetation. Ground-based measurements of the fraction of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (fIPAR) produced unreliable results with challenges leading to over and under-estimates of intercepted PAR. fIPAR and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were poorly correlated for both bioretention cells, with coefficients of determination for Cell 2 (0.13) being lower than Cell 3 (0.49). However, radiometric calibration of UAS data from inexpensive sensors using the empirical line method (ELM) and three inexpensive ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) foam panels produced reasonable results. Linear regression equations were derived for the red and NIR bands of imagery with coefficients of determination from the three image sets ranging from 0.636 to 0.999. To increase the accuracy of the method, additional calibration targets should be used. The resulting NDVI data was tracked over a two-month period during the transition from spring to summer. The NDVI data was useful in exploring the spatial distribution of NDVI and how NDVI value coverage areas change over time

Testing and evaluation of SURLYN foam and SPECTRA fiber ropes for buoy systems applications

Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through contract Number N00014-84-C-0134

In situ measurements of the dynamics of a full scale bottom moored mine model

Under the sponsorship of the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC), Dalgren Division, White Oak, Marland, the Ocean Systems & Mooring Laboratory of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution devised (1991) and conducted (1992) an experiment to measure the dynamic response of a full scale model of the CAPTOR mine, submerged and moored in strong tidal currents near Woods Hole, MA. Specifically, the purpose of this sophisticated engineering experiment was to obtain long term, high frequency measurements of the spatial position of the CAPTOR body, of the tension at both ends of the mooring line, and of the mooring line strumming, as a function of the currents prevailing at the site. This report first describes the main components and the method of deployment of the complex CAPTOR Dynamics Experiment (CAPTORDYN) set up. It then presents the mechanical and electrical designs of the entire system. Finally a review of the results obtained concludes the report.Funding was provided by the Naval Surface Warfare Center under Contract No. N60921-91-C-0216

KAJIAN KUALITAS LIMBAH CAIR KEGIATAN PERTAMBANGAN BIJIH NIKEL PT. ANEKA TAMBANG TBK, HALMAHERA TIMUR, MALUKU UTARA

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas limbah cair yang terdapat di dalam kolampengendapan, mengetahui kualitas air laut, dan analisis spasial pengaruh buangan limbah cair terhadaplingkungan. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode survei. Teknik sampling yangdigunakan adalah purposive sampling.Hasil data kualitas air akan dibandingkan dengan baku mutulimbah cair dan juga baku mutu air laut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa parameter-parameterkualitas limbah cair memenuhi baku mutu limbah cair. Begitu pula dengan kualitas air laut. Nilai yangditunjukkan baik oleh data sekunder maupun data primer belum melebihi batas maksimal yangdipersyaratkan oleh baku mutu limbah cair kegiatan pertambangan bijih nikel.Kata kunci : pertambangan bijih nikel, kualitas limbah cair, kualitas air lau

Integrated seawater sampler and data acquisition system prototype : final report

This report documents the work performed by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) and the Battelle Memorial Institute from August 1988 to December 1992 in the NSF sponsored development of an Integrated Seawater Sampler and Data Acquisition Prototype. After a 6-month initial design study, a prototype underwater profiing unit was designed and constructed, containing the water acquisition subsystem, CTD and altimeter, control circuitry and batteries. A standard WHOI CTD was adapted for use in the underwater unit and was interfaced to the underwater controller which had a telemetry module connecting ít with a deck control unit. This enabled CTD data to be logged in normal fashion on shipboard while additional commands and diagnostics were sent over the telemetry link to command the underwater unit's water sampling process and receive diagnostic information on system performance. The water sampling subsystem consisted of 36 trays, each containing a plastic sample bag, the pump and control circuitry. The sample bags, initially sealed in a chemically clean environment, were opened by pumping the water out of the tray, thus forcing water into the bag by ambient pressure. The command system could select any bag, and control the water sampling procss from the surface with diagnostic information on system altitude, depth, orientation and cable tension displayed in real time for operator information. At sea tests confirmed the operation of the electrical and control system. Problems were encountered with the bags and seals which were partially solved by further post cruise efforts. However, the bag closing mechanism requires further development, and numerous small system improvements identified during the cruises need to be implemented to produce an operational water sampler. Finally, initial design tor a water sampler handling and storage unit and water extraction system were developed but not implemented. The detailed discussion of the prototype water sampler design, testing and evaluation, and new bag testing result are presented.Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through Grant No. OCE8821977

Perubahan Lafal Baku Dalam Bahasa Indonesia Akibat Dialek Daerah

Dialek daerah sangat berpengaruh terhadap penggunaan Bahasa Indonesia, dimana masalah ini sangat baik untuk diteliti lebih dalam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberi informasi perubahan lafal baku yang terpengaruh dialek daerah dan kunci penyelesaian, penelitian ini menggunakan metode reviu literatur sistematik, hasil dari penelitian ini menyatakan masih ada masyarakat yang masih terpengaruh dialek daerah dalam berbahasa Indonesia, masalah ini harus segera ditangani agar tidak terjadi secara turun-temurun dan penyelesaian untuk masalah ini adalah dengan meningkatkan keefektifan pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di setiap daerah Indonesia

Real-time tomography mooring

A real-time tomography system has been developed which combines ocean acoustic tomography with satellite-based time keeping and satellite telemetry. The basis of the system is the acoustic tomography transceiver and its associated acoustic navigation grid. To this basic system, a link to the surface has been added to provide a pathway for telemetry of the tomographic data to shore and a downlink for satellite-derived time which is used to correct the transceiver's clock. The surface buoy contains a GPS receiver, clock comparator, system controller and multiple ID Argos transmitters. Processed tomography signals, transceiver location data time, time drift and surface buoy engineering data are transmitted to satellite using a total of 32 data buffers transmitted every eight minutes. The report describes the real-time tomography system in detail, with particular emphasis on the modifications implemented to convert the standard tomography instrument to a real-time oceanographic tool.Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Technology under Contract No. N000-14-C-90-0098