Settling the District Called Frankfort

The article is a narrative of the establishment of the district of Frankfort by the Kennebec Purchase Company in the eighteenth century

Palaeobiology, ecology, and distribution of stromatoporoid faunas in biostromes of the mid-Ludlow of Gotland

Six well exposed mid−Ludlow stromatoporoid−dominated reef biostromes in four localities from the Hemse Group in southeastern Gotland, Sweden comprise a stromatoporoid assemblage dominated by four species; Clathrodictyon mohicanum, “Stromatopora” bekkeri, Plectostroma scaniense, and Lophiostroma schmidtii. All biostromes investigated in this area (of approximately 30 km2) are interpreted to belong to a single faunal assemblage forming a dense accumulation of fossils that is probably the best exposed stromatoporoid−rich deposit of the Silurian. The results from this comprehensive study strengthen earlier interpretations of a combination of genetic and environmental control on growth−forms of the stromatoporoids. Growth styles are similar for stromatoporoids in all six biostromes. Differences in biostrome fabric are due to variations in the degree of disturbance by storms. The uniformity of facies and the widespread low−diversity fauna support the view that palaeoenvironmental conditions were similar across the area where these biostromes crop out, and promoted the extraordinary growth of stromatoporoids in this shallow shelf area

Estimation of the urban heat island for UK climate change projections

Copyright © 2010 by SAGE PublicationsCities are known to exert a significant influence on their local climate, and are generally warmer than their surroundings. However, climate models generally do not include a representation of urban areas, and so climate projections from models are likely to underestimate temperatures in urban areas. A simple methodology has been developed to calculate the urban heat island (UHI) from a set of gridded temperature data; the UHI may then be added to climate model projections and weather data files. This methodology allows the UHI to be calculated on a monthly basis and downscaled to hourly for addition to weather generator data. The UHI intensities produced are found to be consistent with observed data.Practical application: There is overwhelming consensus amongst the scientific community that the Earth’s climate is warming. In addition to the effects of climate change the urban heat island (UHI) effect can increase air temperatures significantly in urban areas above those of the rural areas around them. The proposed methodology for calculating the UHI from a set of gridded temperature data allows the UHI to be added to climate model projections such as UKCP09 or HadRM3 and weather data files. The methodology also allows for the temporal downscaling of the UHI from monthly values to hourly data for use in building thermal simulation software

Pollution in the open oceans: 2009-2013

This review of pollution in the open oceans updates a report on this topic prepared by GESAMP five years previously (Reports and Studies No. 79, GESAMP, 2009). The latter report, the first from GESAMP focusing specifically on the oceans beyond the 200 m depth contour, was prepared for purposes of the Assessment of Assessments, the preparatory phase of a regular process for assessing the state of the marine environment, led jointly by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO-IOC)

The Shelter Characteristics of Traditional-styled Inuit Snow Houses

The shelter value of snow iglus at Resolute (74 41 N, 94 54 W) in the Canadian High Arctic was assessed. After a survey of snow conditions, construction sites were chosen and two iglus were built and furnished in a traditional way. A large iglu (4.1 m diameter) contained 72 blocks averaging 23.6 kg and had a surface area-to-volume ratio of 2.21:1. A smaller iglu (3.05 m in diameter) contained 46 blocks averaging 28.2 kg and had a surface area-to-volume ratio of 1.73:1. The smaller iglu provided 75% of the large iglu's space for 76.5% of its mass. Snow hardness averaged 12000 g/sq. cm, and the mean density of the snow was 397 kg per cu m. The energy required to build and heat each iglu was calculated from the snow characteristics, construction activities and microclimate parameters measured during occupancy. Heat flux was calculated for human bodies, kudliks (seal oil lamps), and geothermal sources at temperature differentials as high as 45 C from ambient, for both the unlined large iglu and the small iglu, which was lined with caribou skins on the inside. The smaller iglu was more efficient, requiring the fat of one seal every 6.3 days for heating, while the large iglu required the fat of one seal every 3.7 days. The meat content of each seal would have sustained a family of four for the same time interval, and the resultant body heat would have provided 8% to 14% of the total energy necessary to maintain comfortable temperatures within the iglu.On a évalué la valeur de la protection offerte par les igloos de neige à Resolute (74° 40' de latit. N.) dans l'Extrême-Arctique canadien. On a d'abord procédé à un relevé de l'état de la neige, puis choisi les sites et construit et équipé deux igloos de façon traditionnelle. Soixante-douze blocs de neige pesant en moyenne 23,6 kg ont servi à construire le grand igloo (4,1 m de diamètre) dont le rapport surface:volume était égal à 2,21. Quarante-six blocs pesant en moyenne 28,2 kg ont servi à la construction du petit igloo dont le rapport surface:volume était égal à 1,73. Ce petit igloo représentait 75 p. cent de l'espace du grand igloo pour 76,5 p. cent de sa masse. La dureté de la neige était en moyenne de 12 000 g/cm² et sa densité moyenne de 397 kg/m³. On a calculé l'énergie nécessaire pour construire et chauffer chaque igloo à partir des caractéristiques de la neige, des activités relatives à la construction et des paramètres du microclimat mesurés au cours de l'occupation. On a calculé le flux thermique pour les corps, les kudliks (lampes à l'huile de phoque) et les sources géothermiques à des différences de température allant jusqu'à 45 °C au-dessus de la température ambiante, et ce, pour le grand igloo nu et pour le petit qui, lui, était tapissé de peaux de caribou sur les parois internes. Le petit igloo était le plus éconergétique, ne consommant pour le chauffage que la graisse d'un phoque tous les 6,3 jours alors que le grand igloo en consommait autant tous les 3,7 jours. La viande de chaque phoque aurait assuré la subsistance d'une famille de quatre personnes au cours des mêmes périodes, et la chaleur animale qui en aurait résulté aurait fourni de 8 à 14 p. cent de l'énergie totale nécessaire pour maintenir une température confortable dans l'igloo

`In pursuit of the Nazi mind?' the deployment of psychoanalysis in the allied struggle against Germany

This paper discusses how psychoanalytic ideas were brought to bear in the Allied struggle against the Third Reich and explores some of the claims that were made about this endeavour. It shows how a variety of studies of Fascist psychopathology, centred on the concept of superego, were mobilized in military intelligence, post-war planning and policy recommendations for ‘denazification’. Freud's ideas were sometimes championed by particular army doctors and government planners; at other times they were combined with, or displaced by, competing, psychiatric and psychological forms of treatment and diverse studies of the Fascist ‘personality’. This is illustrated through a discussion of the treatment and interpretation of the deputy leader of the Nazi Party, Rudolf Hess, after his arrival in Britain in 1941

James Bowdoin: Patriot and Man of The Enlightenment

An exhibition held at the Bowdoin College Museum of Art, Brunswick, Maine, May 28 through September 12, 1976.https://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/art-museum-exhibition-catalogs/1019/thumbnail.jp