Fats are glossy but does glossiness imply fatness? The influence of packaging glossiness on food perceptions

This research brings together two research streams, one focusing on the influence of a diverse set of packaging attributes (e.g., shape, size, color, etc.) on perceptions of packaged food and the second one on the up- and downsides of using glossy materials, which are often studied in a non-food context. The current research deals with the influence of glossy (versus matte) food packages on consumers' perceptions of the food inside the package. With one online survey and one quasi-experiment, we show that consumers draw inferences on the food's fat level from the package surface, in that glossy packages are seen as a signal of fatness. This association is specific; consumers do not associate glossiness with every unhealthy product aspect. Sugar levels are unaffected by the package surface. However, due to the higher inferred fat level, a product in a glossy package is perceived to be less healthy, less tasty, and low in quality and product expensiveness. Thus, these findings suggest that glossy (versus matte) food packages mainly serve as a signal of negative product qualities

Refrigerant two-phase flow behaviour and pressure drop up- and downstream of a sharp return bend

The European Union’s goals for climate and energy aim for a reduction of Europe's greenhouse gas emissions by 80-95% compared to 1990 levels by the year 2050. One of the technologies that can help to attain such a low-carbon society is a heat pump. It is estimated that the use of heat pumps could reduce the CO2 emissions of the building sector by 50%. An important component of the heat pump system is the heat exchanger, which typically consists of tubes and fins. This type of heat exchanger is also common in other applications such as air-conditioning. For domestic applications it is important that this heat exchanger is constructed in a compact way. To attain a heat exchanger with a limited size, the tubes are folded up into a sequence of short straight channels interconnected by 180° bends. The fluid flowing through these tubes extracts heat from the ambient air and the addition of this heat causes the fluid to evaporate. Research confirms that the presence of the bends do affect the evaporating flow in these channels. However, the underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. In this work, the effect of the return bend on the flow is investigated and linked to the occurring pressure drop in the channel. The results yield more insight in how the bend geometry affect the flow and what the consequences are for the occurring pressure drop

Design sensitivity analysis of using various flow boiling correlations for a direct evaporator in high-temperature waste heat recovery ORCs

High-temperature waste heat (250°C-400°C) sources being created by industrial operations such as metallurgical industry, incinerators, combustion engines, annealing furnaces, drying, baking, cement production etc. are being utilized in Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) waste heat recovery systems. Alongside indirect ORC evaporators having intermediate heat carrier loops, ORC waste heat recovery can also be done through a direct evaporator (e.g. tube bundles) applied on a heat source. In an evaporator design problem, the accuracy of the design method has a significant impact on the end result. In that manner, for revealing the design accuracy error margin of using various flow boiling heat transfer methods, a design sensitivity analysis is performed by means of using 13 different flow boiling heat transfer correlations. All correlations are implemented separately into an iterative evaporator calculation and the resulting sizing solutions are compared for a representative high-temperature waste heat recovery evaporator case. The volumetric flow rate of the waste heat is 80000 Nm³/h and the inlet temperature is 375°C. The considered working fluid is cyclopentane and the deduced optimal evaporation temperature (OET) is 227°C. The minimum corresponding total transferred heat in the evaporator is at least 3,5 MW in all calculations

Nanobody mediated inhibition of attachment of F18 fimbriae expressing Escherichia coli

Post-weaning diarrhea and edema disease caused by F18 fimbriated E. coli are important diseases in newly weaned piglets and lead to severe production losses in farming industry. Protective treatments against these infections have thus far limited efficacy. In this study we generated nanobodies directed against the lectin domain of the F18 fimbrial adhesin FedF and showed in an in vitro adherence assay that four unique nanobodies inhibit the attachment of F18 fimbriated E. coli bacteria to piglet enterocytes. Crystallization of the FedF lectin domain with the most potent inhibitory nanobodies revealed their mechanism of action. These either competed with the binding of the blood group antigen receptor on the FedF surface or induced a conformational change in which the CDR3 region of the nanobody displaces the D ''-E loop adjacent to the binding site. This D ''-E loop was previously shown to be required for the interaction between F18 fimbriated bacteria and blood group antigen receptors in a membrane context. This work demonstrates the feasibility of inhibiting the attachment of fimbriated pathogens by employing nanobodies directed against the adhesin domain

Arte

En 1973 se manifiesta el proceso abordando conceptos muy genéricos en los que afloran las obsesiones pro­pias del artista -el Arte nace de obse­siones-, asumiendo el desnudo como apariencia y presencia de un Eros gestor de movimiento