The cross-sectional GRAS sample: A comprehensive phenotypical data collection of schizophrenic patients

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Schizophrenia is the collective term for an exclusively clinically diagnosed, heterogeneous group of mental disorders with still obscure biological roots. Based on the assumption that valuable information about relevant genetic and environmental disease mechanisms can be obtained by association studies on patient cohorts of ≥ 1000 patients, if performed on detailed clinical datasets and quantifiable biological readouts, we generated a new schizophrenia data base, the GRAS (Göttingen Research Association for Schizophrenia) data collection. GRAS is the necessary ground to study genetic causes of the schizophrenic phenotype in a 'phenotype-based genetic association study' (PGAS). This approach is different from and complementary to the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on schizophrenia.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>For this purpose, 1085 patients were recruited between 2005 and 2010 by an invariable team of traveling investigators in a cross-sectional field study that comprised 23 German psychiatric hospitals. Additionally, chart records and discharge letters of all patients were collected.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The corresponding dataset extracted and presented in form of an overview here, comprises biographic information, disease history, medication including side effects, and results of comprehensive cross-sectional psychopathological, neuropsychological, and neurological examinations. With >3000 data points per schizophrenic subject, this data base of living patients, who are also accessible for follow-up studies, provides a wide-ranging and standardized phenotype characterization of as yet unprecedented detail.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The GRAS data base will serve as prerequisite for PGAS, a novel approach to better understanding 'the schizophrenias' through exploring the contribution of genetic variation to the schizophrenic phenotypes.</p

Special issue on challenges for reasoning under uncertainty, inconsistency, vagueness, and preferences: a topical snapshot

Managing uncertainty, inconsistency, vagueness, and preferences has been extensively explored in artificial intelligence (AI). During the recent years, especially with the emerging of smart services and devices, technologies for managing uncertainty, inconsistency, vagueness, and preferences to tackle the problems of dynamic, real-world scenarios have started to play a key role also in other areas, such as information systems and the (Social and/or Semantic) Web. These application areas have sparked another wave of strong interest into formalisms and logics for dealing with uncertainty, inconsistency, vagueness, and preferences. Important examples are fuzzy and probabilistic approaches for description logics, or rule systems for handling vagueness and uncertainty in the Semantic Web, or formalisms for handling user preferences in the context of ontological knowledge in the Social Semantic Web. While scalability of these approaches is an important issue to be addressed, also the need for combining various of these approaches with each other and/or with more classical ways of reasoning have become obvious (hybrid reasoning under uncertainty). This special issue presents several state-of-the-art formalisms and methodologies for managing uncertainty, inconsistency, vagueness, and preferences

Many facets of reasoning under uncertainty, inconsistency, vagueness, and preferences: a brief survey

In this paper, we give an introduction to reasoning under uncertainty, inconsistency, vagueness, and preferences in artificial intelligence (AI), including some historic notes and a brief survey to previous approaches

Special Issue on Challenges for Reasoning under Uncertainty, Inconsistency, Vagueness, and Preferences

Managing uncertainty, inconsistency, vagueness, and preferences has been extensively explored in artificial intelligence (AI). During the recent years, especially with the emerging of smart services and devices, technologies for managing uncertainty, inconsistency, vagueness, and preferences to tackle the problems of dynamic, real-world scenarios have started to play a key role also in other areas, such as information systems and the (Social and/or Semantic) Web. These application areas have sparked another wave of strong interest into formalisms and logics for dealing with uncertainty, inconsistency, vagueness, and preferences. Important examples are fuzzy and probabilistic approaches for description logics, or rule systems for handling vagueness and uncertainty in the Semantic Web, or formalisms for handling user preferences in the context of ontological knowledge in the Social Semantic Web. While scalability of these approaches is an important issue to be addressed, also the need for combining various of these approaches with each other and/or with more classical ways of reasoning have become obvious (hybrid reasoning under uncertainty). This special issue presents several state-of-the-art formalisms and methodologies for managing uncertainty, inconsistency, vagueness, and preferences

Special issue on challenges for reasoning under uncertainty, inconsistency, vagueness, and preferences: a topical snapshot

Managing uncertainty, inconsistency, vagueness, and preferences has been extensively explored in artificial intelligence (AI). During the recent years, especially with the emerging of smart services and devices, technologies for managing uncertainty, inconsistency, vagueness, and preferences to tackle the problems of dynamic, real-world scenarios have started to play a key role also in other areas, such as information systems and the (Social and/or Semantic) Web. These application areas have sparked another wave of strong interest into formalisms and logics for dealing with uncertainty, inconsistency, vagueness, and preferences. Important examples are fuzzy and probabilistic approaches for description logics, or rule systems for handling vagueness and uncertainty in the Semantic Web, or formalisms for handling user preferences in the context of ontological knowledge in the Social Semantic Web. While scalability of these approaches is an important issue to be addressed, also the need for combining various of these approaches with each other and/or with more classical ways of reasoning have become obvious (hybrid reasoning under uncertainty). This special issue presents several state-of-the-art formalisms and methodologies for managing uncertainty, inconsistency, vagueness, and preferences

Many facets of reasoning under uncertainty, inconsistency, vagueness, and preferences: a brief survey

In this paper, we give an introduction to reasoning under uncertainty, inconsistency, vagueness, and preferences in artificial intelligence (AI), including some historic notes and a brief survey to previous approaches

Probabilistic Logic Programming under Maximum Entropy

In this paper, we focus on the combination of probabilistic logic programming with the principle of maximum entropy. We start by defining probabilistic queries to probabilistic logic programs and their answer substitutions under maximum entropy. We then present an efficient linear programming characterization for the problem of deciding whether a probabilistic logic program is satisfiable. Finally, and as a central contribution of this paper, we introduce an efficient technique for approximative probabilistic logic programming under maximum entropy. This technique reduces the original entropy maximization task to solving a modified and relatively small optimization problem.</p