Perubahan Harga Lahan dalam Kaitannya dengan Pembangunan Pertanian di Pedesaan Lampung

IndonesianDalam pembangunan pertanian diperlukan empat faktor penggerak yaitu sumberdaya lahan, sumberdaya manusia, teknologi dan kelembagaan. Keempat faktor diatas saling terkait satu sama lain, sehingga bila salahsatu faktor diatas mengalami hambatan sulit tercapai sasaran yang diinginkan. Pesatnya laju pembangunan beberapa tahun terakhir, menyebabkan sumberdaya lahan terasa semakin terbatas. Hal ini disebabkan oleh terjadinya Perubahan fungsi lahan untuk kepentingan pembangunan itu sendiri. Bertitik tolak dari permasalahan diatas, sumberdaya lahan khususnya lahan pertanian dapat merupakan permasalahan pada masa mendatang. Sumberdaya lahan untuk pertanian akan merupakan suatu komoditi langka dan mempunyai nilai yang tinggi. Kondisi seperti ini akan banyak membawa dampak, baik terhadap nilai lahan, kelembagaan pertanian dan lain sebagainya. Prubahan-Perubahan yang terjadi sudah tentu akan mempengaruhi pembangunan pertanian pada masa mendatang

Immunostaining of a <i>Pdpn</i>^KO1st mouse lower incisor tooth germ sagittal section at the late bell stage for podoplanin (PDPN).

<p>In the hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, there are no abnormalities in the tooth germ with dentin matrix, bone, or nerve of the <i>Pdpn</i>^+/- and <i>Pdpn</i>^-/- mice. In the left immunostained images, the expression of PDPN is observed in the tooth germ (asterisks), in the alveolar bone (arrows), and in the sheath of the inferior alveolar nerve (arrowheads) of the wild type <i>Pdpn</i>^+/+ mice, and in the <i>Pdpn</i>^+/- mice to a weaker extent than in the <i>Pdpn</i>^+/+ mice. There is no immunostaining observed in the <i>Pdpn</i>^-/- tissue except for a non-specific reaction. In the right images at the higher magnification of the parts highlighted by the boxes in the left images, the expression of PDPN is observed in the odontoblasts (arrowheads), and in the inner enamel epithelial cells (arrows), of the wild type <i>Pdpn</i>^+/+ mice, and of the <i>Pdpn</i>^+/- mice to a weaker extent than in the <i>Pdpn</i>^+/+ mice. There is no immunostaining observed in the <i>Pdpn</i>^-/- tissue except for the cross reaction to the dentin matrix. Bar: 100μm.</p

Immunostaining of the 2-week <i>Wnt1-Cre;Pdpn</i>^<i>Δ/+</i> mouse lower incisor sagittal section for podoplanin (PDPN).

<p>In the left images at the higher magnification of the parts highlighted by box (c) in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0171912#pone.0171912.g007" target="_blank">Fig 7</a>, the expression of PDPN is observed in the odontoblasts (Ob), in the inner enamel epithelial cells (IEE), and in the outer enamel epithelial cells (OEE), but not in the pre-odontoblasts (pOb). There is no expression of PDPN observed in the dental pulp fibroblasts (DP). In the right images, by confocal microscopy at a higher magnification of the area of the left images, the expression of PDPN is observed on the cell membrane of odontoblasts (Ob) and inner enamel epithelial cells (IEE). Bar: left 100μm, right 10μm.</p

Immunostaining of the 2-week <i>Wnt1-Cre;Pdpn</i>^<i>Δ/Δ</i> mouse lower incisor sagittal section for podoplanin (PDPN).

<p>In the left images at higher magnification of the parts highlighted by box (a) in Fig 12, expression of podoplanin is observed in the inner enamel epithelial cells (IEE), and in the epithelial cells of the apical bud (Ap), but not in dental pulp fibroblasts (DP) including odontoblasts, or in the osteocytes of the alveolar bone (AB). In the right images by confocal microscopy at the higher magnification of an area of the left images, expression of PDPN is observed in the inner enamel epithelial cells (IEE) and in the outer enamel epithelial cells (OEE), but not in the odontoblasts (Ob). Bar: left 100μm, right 10μm.</p

Morphological study of tooth development in podoplanin-deficient mice

<div><p>Podoplanin is a mucin-type highly <i>O</i>-glycosylated glycoprotein identified in several somatyic cells: podocytes, alveolar epithelial cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, lymph node stromal fibroblastic reticular cells, osteocytes, odontoblasts, mesothelial cells, glia cells, and others. It has been reported that podoplanin-RhoA interaction induces cytoskeleton relaxation and cell process stretching in fibroblastic cells and osteocytes, and that podoplanin plays a critical role in type I alveolar cell differentiation. It appears that podoplanin plays a number of different roles in contributing to cell functioning and growth by signaling. However, little is known about the functions of podoplanin in the somatic cells of the adult organism because an absence of podoplanin is lethal at birth by the respiratory failure. In this report, we investigated the tooth germ development in podoplanin-knockout mice, and the dentin formation in podoplanin-conditional knockout mice having neural crest-derived cells with deficiency in podoplanin by the <i>Wnt1</i> promoter and enhancer-driven Cre recombinase: <i>Wnt1-Cre;Pdpn</i>^<i>Δ/Δ</i>mice. In the <i>Wnt1-Cre;Pdpn</i>^<i>Δ/Δ</i>mice, the tooth and alveolar bone showed no morphological abnormalities and grow normally, indicating that podoplanin is not critical in the development of the tooth and bone.</p></div

Immunostaining of the thoracic cage and lung parenchyma in <i>Pdpn</i>^KO1st mice for podoplanin (PDPN).

<p>In the hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, atrophy is observed in the <i>Pdpn</i>^-/- mice. The expression of podoplanin (arrowheads) is observed in the lung of the wild type <i>Pdpn</i>^+/+ mice and <i>Pdpn</i>^+/- mice, but not in the <i>Pdpn</i>^-/-. It is observed that the PDPN-positive areas are the mesothelia (arrowheads) of diaphragmatic pleura, costal pleura, and visceral pleura. It is also observed that costal bone (arrows) and lung parenchyma (asterisks) are PDPN positive. Staining densities of parenchyma PDPN are weaker in the <i>Pdpn</i>^+/- mice than in the <i>Pdpn</i>^+/+ mice. Bar: 1 mm.</p

Immunostaining of the 2-week <i>Wnt1-Cre;Pdpn</i>^<i>Δ/Δ</i> mouse lower incisor sagittal section for podoplanin (PDPN).

<p>In the hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, there are no abnormalities in the dentin and enamel formation. In the left images at the higher magnification of the parts highlighted by the box (d) in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0171912#pone.0171912.g011" target="_blank">Fig 11</a>, PDPN expression is not observed in the odontoblasts (Ob). The immunoreaction is not in the dentin (De) but cross-reaction is observed in the enamel (En). In the right images at a higher magnification of the parts highlighted by box in the left images, podoplanin expression is observed in the outer enamel epithelial cells (OEE), and in the ameloblasts (Ab) with enamel formation to a smaller extent than in the inner enamel epithelial cells without enamel formation before differentiation into the ameloblasts. Bar: left 100μm, right 10μm.</p

Morphological study of tooth development in podoplanin-deficient mice - Fig 1

<p><b>(A) <i>Pdpn</i></b>^<b>KO1st</b><b>allele with promoter-driven cassette and <i>Pdpn</i></b>^<b>fl</b><b>allele.</b> ES cells (genetic background, C57BL/6N-A^tm1Brd) having knockout-first allele by an insertion of a promoter-driven cassette (HTGR03003_Z_2_G05) in podoplanin gene located in Chr4 (143267431-143299564bp) was used. The cassette flanked by L1L2 gateway sites (L1L2_Bact_P) is inserted at position 143274509 of chromosome 4 upstream of exon of podoplanin located in Chr4 (143267431–143299564 bp). The cassette is composed of a short flippase recombination enzyme (Flp)-recognition target (FRT), reporter, and a Cre recombinase recognition target (loxP). Cre-loxP system from bacteriophage P1 is analogous to Flp-FRT system from <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> and recombines a pair of target sequences. The first FRT site is followed by the reporter which is a reading frame-independent LacZ gene trap cassette: splice acceptor of mouse En2 exon 2 (En2-SA), the internal ribosome entry site from encephalomyocarditis virus (ECMV IRES), Escherichia coli lacZ gene encoding the reporter enzyme β-galactosidase (lacZ), and simian virus 40 polyadenylation signal (pA). The first loxP site is followed by the neomycin selection cassette which is composed of human beta-actin promoter (hBactP) driving the neomycin-resistance gene (selectable marker neomycin phosphotransferase, neo), pA, a second FRT site, and a second loxP site. A third loxP site is inserted downstream of the targeted exon (synthetic loxP region, 22973–23052) at position 143273615, therefore, <i>Pdpn</i> exon 3 is flanked by loxP sites. A reporter knockout mouse not crossed with flp deleter mouse was used as <i>Pdpn</i> KO^1st mouse. Breeding with flp recombinase-deleter mouse created mouse carrying a floxed allele by subsequent excision of the targeting cassette. This study did not use mice removed the βact-neo cassette and the critical exons, and carrying a lacZ tagged null allele by applying Cre recombinase to the original version of the allele. Subsequently breeding <i>Pdpn</i>-floxed mouse with <i>Wnt1-Cre</i> mouse created mouse carrying a <i>Pdpn</i> exon3 null allele in the <i>Wnt1</i>-expressng cells. Cre-Lox analogous to Flp-FRT recombination is a site-specific recombination system consists of a Cre recombinase that recombines a pair of short target sequences called the lox sequences. The Cre enzyme and the original lox site called the loxP sequence are derived from bacteriophage P1. <b>(B) Genotyping of <i>Pdpn</i></b>^<b>KO1st</b> <b>mice.</b> <i>Pdpn</i>^KO1st mice having one mutant allele (+/-) by insertion of the cassette shown in (A) show two bands (133 and 208bp) or more cross-reaction band of higher molecular weight than the two. <i>Pdpn</i>^KO1st mice having two mutant alleles (-/-) show one band (208bp) and mice without <i>Pdpn</i> mutation show one band (133bp). (C) Genotyping of <i>Pdpn</i>^fl mice and <i>Wnt1</i>-Cre mice. <i>Pdpn</i>^fl/+ mice having one <i>Pdpn</i> exon3-floxed mutant allele (fl/+) show two bands (133 and 208bp). <i>Pdpn</i> ^fl/fl mice having two mutant alleles (fl/fl) show one band (208bp) and mice without <i>Pdpn</i> mutation show one band (133bp). The Cre band is observed in genes from mice with Cre (472bp).</p

Immunostaining of the alveoli in the <i>Pdpn</i>^KO1st mice for podoplanin (PDPN) and thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1).

<p>In the wild type <i>Pdpn</i>^+/+ and <i>Pdpn</i>^+/- mice, there are the PDPN-positive type I alveolar epithelial cells among the TTF-1-positive type II alveolar epithelial cells. The PDPN expression area of the type I alveolar epithelial cells (arrowheads) is fewer in the <i>Pdpn</i>^+/- mice than in the <i>Pdpn</i>^+/+ mice. In the <i>Pdpn</i>^-/- mice, the terminal ends of the respiratory tree consist of the alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles with only TTF-1-positive type II alveolar epithelial cells (arrows), lacking alveolar sacs with PDPN-positive type I alveolar epithelial cells. Bar: 10μm.</p

Immunostaining of a wild type <i>Pdpn</i>^+/+ molar tooth germ at the early bell stage for podoplanin (PDPN).

<p>In the left images of hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) and PDPN immunostaining, PDPN expression is observed in the enamel cord (EC), cervical loop (CL), and odontoblasts (Ob). Nerve sheaths (asterisk), Meckel’s cartilage (arrowhead), and bone (arrow) also exhibit a strong expression of podoplanin. In the right images at the higher magnification of the part highlighted by the box, PDPN expression is observed in the inner enamel epithelia (IEE, arrows) and odontoblasts (Ob, arrowheads). Bar: left 200μm, right 10μm.</p