Expression of invasion-related extracellular matrix molecules in human glioblastoma versus intracerebral lung adenocarcinoma metastasis

Tumor cell invasion into the surrounding brain tissue is mainly responsible for the failure of radical surgical resection, with tumor recurrence in the form of microdisseminated disease. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-related molecules and their receptors predominantly participate in the invasion process, including cell adhesion to the surrounding microenvironment and cell migration. The extent of infiltration of the healthy brain by malignant tumors strongly depends on the tumor cell type. Malignant gliomas show much more intensive peritumoral invasion than do metastatic tumors. In this study, the mRNA expression of 30 invasion-related molecules (twenty-one ECM components, two related receptors, and seven ECM-related enzymes) was investigated by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Fresh frozen human tissue samples from glioblastoma (GBM), intracerebral lung adenocarcinoma metastasis, and normal brain were evaluated. Significant differences were established for 24 of the 30 molecules. To confirm our results at the protein level, immunohistochemical analysis of seven molecules was performed (agrin, neurocan, syndecan, versican, matrix metalloproteinase 2 [MMP-2], MMP-9, and hyaluronan). Determining the differences in the levels of invasion-related molecules for tumors of different origins can help to identify the exact molecular mechanisms that facilitate peritumoral infiltration by glioblastoma cells. These results should allow the selection of target molecules for potential chemotherapeutic agents directed against highly invasive malignant gliomas

On Standard Reductions to Relative Gravity Measurements. A Case Study Through the Establishment of the New Local Gravity Net in the Province of Valencia (Spain)

This is an author's accepted manuscript of an article published in: “Survey Review"; Volume 43, Issue 319, 2011; copyright Taylor & Francis; available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/003962610X12747001420825Standard reductions to gravity readings due to Earth tides, ocean loading and attraction, polar motion, instrumental height and air pressure variations and loading of atmospheric masses are studied in this paper from a practical point of view, that is, taking into account their numerical values and their influence on gravimetric readings and relative gravimetric observations. The study was carried out using the observations and definition of a new local gravimetric net. This new local gravimetric net has been established in the province of Valencia (Eastern Spain) to meet the increasing requirements of geophysics, geology, geodesy and geodynamics. The net comprises 21 sites, which are an average of 45 km apart and was measured using Lacoste & Romberg D203 and G301 gravimeters. Gravity values were determined using one fixed station in relation to an absolute one and 202 relative gravimetric observables. Reductions are applied for Earth tides (with real accurate amplitude and phase-difference for the principal tidal waves analysed from 301 digitally recorded days of gravity readings) where oceanic attraction and loading has been considered. In addition, reductions for polar motion, vertical gradient to instrument height and air pressure and loading of atmospheric masses have been applied. The net was established using least square adjustment where the weights of each relative gravimetric observable were determined by iterative estimation in accordance with the Huber robust estimation procedure. Obtained standard deviations of the final gravity values have an average value of 18x10-8 ms-2 (18 µGal), minimum value of 10x10-8 ms-2 and maximum value of 26x10-8 ms-2 . The statistical analysis of the results concludes with a precision and reliability determination. Discussion of the numerical values obtained in the standard gravimetric reductions shows the importance of each one in the final solution, bearing in mind that the relative gravimetric observables have been obtained using Lacoste & Romberg instruments and the geographical location of the net. The main conclusion is that only Earth tides reduction (with approximate amplitude and phase-difference numbers for the principal tidal waves) have to be taken into accountMartín Furones, ÁE.; Anquela Julián, AB.; Padin Devesa, J.; Berné Valero, JL. (2011). On Standard Reductions to Relative Gravity Measurements. A Case Study Through the Establishment of the New Local Gravity Net in the Province of Valencia (Spain). Survey Review. 43(319):16-29. doi:10.1179/003962610X12747001420825S162943319Boedecker, G., & Richter, B. (1981). The new gravity base net 1976 of the Federal Republic of Germany (DSGN 76). Bulletin Géodésique, 55(3), 250-266. doi:10.1007/bf02530865Cartwright, D. E., & Tayler, R. J. (2007). New Computations of the Tide-generating Potential. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 23(1), 45-73. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.1971.tb01803.xCharles, K. and Hipkin, R.G. 1994. British precise gravity net 1993. Joint symposium of the International Gravity Comission and the International Geoid Comission, Symposium 113: 39–45, Graz, Austria. Ed. Springer-Verlag.Farrell, W. E. (1972). Deformation of the Earth by surface loads. Reviews of Geophysics, 10(3), 761. doi:10.1029/rg010i003p00761Jentzsch, G. (s. f.). Earth tides and ocean tidal loading. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, 145-171. doi:10.1007/bfb0011461Torge, W. 1989. Gravimetry. Ed. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin-New York. 465 pages.Wahr, J. M. (1985). Deformation induced by polar motion. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90(B11), 9363. doi:10.1029/jb090ib11p09363Wenzel, G. 1998. Format and structure for the exchange of high precision tidal data, http://www.ife.uni-hannover.de/∼Wenzel/format/format.html, acceded on February 1999

Regional integration of long-term national dense GNSS network solutions

The EUREF Permanent Network Densification is a collaborative effort of 26 European GNSS analysis centers providing series of daily or weekly station position estimates of dense national and regional GNSS networks, in order to combine them into one homogenized set of station positions and velocities. During the combination, the station meta-data, including station names, DOMES numbers, and position offset definitions were carefully homogenized, position outliers were efficiently eliminated, and the results were cross-checked for any remaining inconsistencies. The results cover the period from March 1999 to January 2017 (GPS week 1000-1933) and include 31 networks with positions and velocities for 3192 stations, well covering Europe. The positions and velocities are expressed in ITRF2014 and ETRF2014 reference frames based on the Minimum Constraint approach using a selected set of ITRF2014 reference stations. The position alignment with the ITRF2014 is at the level of 1.5, 1.2, and 3.2 mm RMS for the East, North, Up components, respectively, while the velocity RMS values are 0.17, 0.14, and 0.38 mm/year for the East, North, and Up components, respectively. The high quality of the combined solution is also reflected by the 1.1, 1.1, and 3.5 mm weighted RMS values for the East, North, and Up components, respectively