Chionactis occipitalis

Number of Pages: 12Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Chionactis palarostris

Number of Pages: 5Integrative BiologyGeological Science

The Catholic Church in the Italian Empire, 1936‑1938

The Lateran Agreements of 1929 initiated a period of close cooperation between the Roman Catholic church and the Italian state under Mussolini. Italian policy in Abyssinia after the conquest of that country in 1936, however, exacerbated tensions which had developed as a result of both Italian domestic policies and support for Germany's antichurch activities. This paper explores the development of Italian policy in Abyssinia and the church's gradual disenchantment with the results of their entente.In domestic affairs, the Vatican's anger focused on the Mussolini government's 1938 manifesto on racial purity and the resulting anti-Semitic legislation. The church hier- archy within Italy had assumed that their support for Italian intervention in Africa would result in the government's adoption of a policy cf Christianization. To maintain a measure of internal stability within the country, the government chose to follow a strategy, advocated by the colonial ministry, of religious toleration. This approach alienated the Holy See which, unlike the Italian hierarchy, had never been in favour of an imperialistic war. The policy cf toleration ran contrary to the church's catholicizing plans for the territory, and interfered with its missionary activities. Particularly favoured were the Moslems, whose support, in the view of the colonial ministry, was crucial to imperial control. In turn, this cooperation would, it was felt, help the Italians in their relations with other Islamic powers in the Middle East.Opposition to the colonial office's actions was not limited to the church; the foreign ministry believed that the church should be used as an agency in Italian expansion. The colonial ministry, however, prevailed. Whenever missionaries of any religion opposed Italian wishes in the new colony, they were punished. When the foreign ministry attempted to intervene on behalf of British missionaries, Mussolini supported the colonial office policy, and even extended it; henceforth, no foreigner could teach in the Empire. The colonial ministry consolidated its control, ordering the Holy See to replace French Catholic missionaries with Italians. In response, the Vatican appointed a pontifical commission, which ultimately bowed to most of the ministry's demands. On disputed points the ministry remained adamant; the Pope then sent an Apostolic Visitor to Abyssinia to negotiate a settlement which, he hoped, would enhance the place of the church. Finally, the colonial ministry acceded to the church's request for the creation of a separate ecclesiastical hierarchy for the colony; the church shortly after recognized Victor Emmanuel as emperor cf Abyssinia.In spite of this agreement, however, the cooperation between the Roman Catholic church and the Italian state was irreparably damaged by the latter's toleration policy. Govern- ment hostility to the pretensions of the church within the Empire forms an essential backdrop to the Pope's attack, in 1938, on Italian racial policy.Les accords du Lateran de 1929 inaugurèrent une période d'étroite collaboration entre l'Eglise catholique romaine et l'Etat italien sous Mussolini. Cependant la politique italienne en Abyssinie, après la conquête de ce pays en 1936, exacerba les tensions qui avaient résulté à la fois des politiques intérieures et de l'appui de l'Italie aux activités antirelig ieuses en A llemagne .Cet exposé traite de V évolution de la politique italienne en Abyssinie et du désenchantement graduel de l'Eglise face aux résultats de ces accords.En matière d'affaires intérieures, l'ère du Vatican portait sur le manifeste du gouverne- ment Mussolini (1938) sur la pureté de la race, et sur la législation antisémitique qui en découla. La hiérarchie ecclésiastique d'Italie avait présumé que son appui à i interven- tion italienne en Afrique entraînerait l'adoption, par le gouvernement, d'une politique de christianisation. Pour maintenir une certaine stabilité intérieure, le gouvernement choisit de suivre une stratégie de tolérance religieuse, d'ailleurs défendue par le ministère de la colonisation. Cette approche aliéna le Saint-siège qui, contrairement à la hiérarchie italienne, n'avait jamais été en faveur d'une guerre impériale. Cette politique de tolérance était contraire aux plans de l'Eglise pour la conversion au catholicisme de ce territoire, et gênait ses activités missionnaires. Les musulmans étaient particulièrement favorisés car, de l'avis du ministère de la colonisation, leur appui était essentiel au maintien du contrôle impérial. On croyait également que cette coopération aiderait les Italiens dans leurs relations avec d'autres puissances islami- ques du Moyen-orient.Il n'y a pas que l'Eglise qui s'opposait aux actions du ministère de la colonisation; le ministère des affaires étrangères croyait qu'on devait utiliser l'Eglise comme instrument de l expansion italienne. Cependant, la position du ministère de la colonisation préva- lut. Peu importe leur religion, les missionnaires qui s'opposaient aux désirs de l'Italie pour la nouvelle colonie étaient punis. Lorsque les affaires extérieures tentèrent d'inter- venir en faveur des missionnaires britanniques, Mussolini appuya la politique du ministère de la colonisation, et même l'élargit; désormais, aucun étranger ne pouvait enseigner dans l'Empire. Le ministère de la colonisation consolida son emprise, ordonnant au Saint-siège de remplacer les missionnaires catholiques Français par des Italiens. Réagissant, le Vatican créa une commission pontificale qui, en dernière analyse, se plia à la plupart des exigences du ministère. Sur les questions litigieuses, le ministère demeurait inébranlable; le Pape envoya alors en Abyssinie un visiteur apostolique qui, il l'espérait, améliorerait la position de l'Eglise. Finalement, le ministère de la colonisation accéda à la demande de l'Eglise pour la création d'une hiérarchie ecclésiastique distincte pour la colonie; peu après, l'Eglise reconnut Victor Emmanuel comme empereur a"Abyssinie.Cependant, malgré cette entente, la politique de tolérance de VEtat Italien avait causé des dommages irréparables à la coopération entre ce dernier et l'Eglise catholique romaine. L'hostilité du gouvernement face aux prétentions de l'Eglise au sein de l'Empire constituent un fondement essentiel de l'attaque du Pape sur la politique raciale italienne de 1938

Correcting datasets leads to more homogeneous early-twentieth-century sea surface warming

Existing estimates of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) indicate that, during the early twentieth century, the North Atlantic and northeast Pacific oceans warmed by twice the global average, whereas the northwest Pacific Ocean cooled by an amount equal to the global average1,2,3,4. Such a heterogeneous pattern suggests first-order contributions from regional variations in forcing or in ocean–atmosphere heat fluxes5,6. These older SST estimates are, however, derived from measurements of water temperatures in ship-board buckets, and must be corrected for substantial biases7,8,9. Here we show that correcting for offsets among groups of bucket measurements leads to SST variations that correlate better with nearby land temperatures and are more homogeneous in their pattern of warming. Offsets are identified by systematically comparing nearby SST observations among different groups10. Correcting for offsets in German measurements decreases warming rates in the North Atlantic, whereas correcting for Japanese measurement offsets leads to increased and more uniform warming in the North Pacific. Japanese measurement offsets in the 1930s primarily result from records having been truncated to whole degrees Celsius when the records were digitized in the 1960s. These findings underscore the fact that historical SST records reflect both physical and social dimensions in data collection, and suggest that further opportunities exist for improving the accuracy of historical SST records9,11

Simulations of a New Continuous Steelmaking Process

A new continuous steelmaking process has been designed in an effort to reduce meltshop costs and increase productivity beyond the possibilities of current EAF-LMF-CC meltshops. This paper discusses possible operational performance based on industrially-verified kinetic, thermodynamic, and heat-transfer models. Dynamic simulations predict variations in steel chemistry and temperature, resulting from steel treatment and upsets. Savings in costs are projected because of increased metallic yield, lower energy requirements, more efficient use of deoxidants and alloys, fewer man-hours per ton, and decreased capital investment

SpineData – A Danish clinical registry of people with chronic back pain

Background: Large-scale clinical registries are increasingly recognized as important resources for quality assurance and research to inform clinical decision-making and health policy. We established a clinical registry (SpineData) in a conservative care setting where more than 10,000 new cases of spinal pain are assessed each year. This paper describes the SpineData registry, summarizes the characteristics of its clinical population and data, and signals the availability of these data as a resource for collaborative research projects. Methods: The SpineData registry is an Internet-based system that captures patient data electronically at the point of clinical contact. The setting is the government-funded Medical Department of the Spine Centre of Southern Denmark, Hospital Lillebaelt, where patients receive a multidisciplinary assessment of their chronic spinal pain. Results: Started in 2011, the database by early 2015 contained information on more than 36,300 baseline episodes of patient care, plus the available 6-month and 12-month follow-up data for these episodes. The baseline questionnaire completion rate has been 93%; 79% of people were presenting with low back pain as their main complaint, 6% with mid-back pain, and 15% with neck pain. Collectively, across the body regions and measurement time points, there are approximately 1,980 patient-related variables in the database across a broad range of biopsychosocial factors. To date, 36 research projects have used data from the SpineData registry, including collaborations with researchers from Denmark, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Brazil. Conclusion: We described the aims, development, structure, and content of the SpineData registry, and what is known about any attrition bias and cluster effects in the data. For epidemiology research, these data can be linked, at an individual patient level, to the Danish population-based registries and the national spinal surgery registry. SpineData also has potential for the conduct of cohort multiple randomized controlled trials. Collaborations with other researchers are welcome

Continuous Steel Production and Apparatus

A process for continuous refining of steel via multiple distinct reaction vessels for melting, oxidation, reduction, and refining for delivery of steel continuously to, for example, a tundish of a continuous caster system, and associated apparatus

Continuous Steel Production and Apparatus

A process for continuous refining of steel via multiple distinct reaction vessels for melting, oxidation, reduction, and refining for delivery of steel continuously to, for example, a tundish of a continuous caster system, and associated apparatus

Image and information management system

A system and methods through which pictorial views of an object's configuration, arranged in a hierarchical fashion, are navigated by a person to establish a visual context within the configuration. The visual context is automatically translated by the system into a set of search parameters driving retrieval of structured data and content (images, documents, multimedia, etc.) associated with the specific context. The system places hot spots, or actionable regions, on various portions of the pictorials representing the object. When a user interacts with an actionable region, a more detailed pictorial from the hierarchy is presented representing that portion of the object, along with real-time feedback in the form of a popup pane containing information about that region, and counts-by-type reflecting the number of items that are available within the system associated with the specific context and search filters established at that point in time