The weather and honey production

The weather and its changes exert a marked influence on honey production. That fact stands out clearly in the daily records of the weight of a hive of bees and of the accompanying weather conditions, kept for 29 years by J. L. Strong, a successful beekeeper of Clarinda, Page county, Iowa, and furnished for study to the Iowa Agricultural Experiment station. The month of June, these records show, is preeminently the honey month of the year, with 56 percent of the entire production of the hive for the period to its credit. Moreover, the honey production in June is an index for the production for the entire year, which is large or small according as the June gain is relatively large or small. Rather abundant rain is favorable for large honey production and especially if the rainfall in May is rather heavy, altho excessive rain is likely to result in a poor honey year. South winds are apparently more favorable for good gains than winds from the other directions. The period of a rain is generally a time of depression in honey flow, and the clear days just preceding a rain show slightly greater increase than the days immediately following. Higher temperatures are accompanied by larger honey gains than lower, and a low barometer is favorable for good yields. A cold winter seems not to cut the yield of the succeeding session, but a cold March does

Notes on Variation in Micranthes texana

In the spring of 1900 I discovered near Independence, southeastern Kansas, a plant which had hitherto been unreported in the state. On submitting specimens to the National Herbarium, I determined it to be Buckley\u27s Saxifraga texana, which was discovered in Texas about 1861. The plant has since been placed in Small\u27s segregated genus, Micranthes, and has been reported from a few widely scattered localities in north Texas, Arkansas, and southeast Missouri

Preliminary Notes on Nectar Production

Few people realize the importance that the beekeeping industry is attaining in our state. For its size, Iowa is second in importance of the states of the union. The hives number into hundreds of thousands, and the value of the product probably into millions of dollars. Aside from this is the great indirect value which comes from the pollen-carrying of our bees

Insect Pollination of Timberline Flowers in Colorado

Nägeli attributes the fact that alpine flowers are more showy that those of the lowlands to the greater scarcity of insects on the mountain tops and the greater efforts thereby necessary on the part of flowers to secure their visits

Some Additional Notes on Pollination of Red Clover

Many years ago Charles Darwin conducted some experiments to determine whether red clover is self-fertile. This investigator found that when insects were excluded, red clover did not produce a single seed, while flowers exposed to insects produced an average of twenty-seven seeds per head. The experiments of Darwin and many of the older investigators who conducted experiments with red clover were faulty since they did not release the anthers from the keel

Insect Pollination of Frasera stenosepala

One of the largest of herbaceous plants growing at Tolland, Colorado, 9,000 feet above sea level, is the green gentian, Frasera stenosepala. A rosette of basal leaves gives rise to a coarse stalk, three to four feet high, with whorls of large leaves and a leafy panicle of rather large flowers of a light green color. Singularly the color is about as inconspicuous as can be imagined. The flowers are rendered rather noticeable by the size and isolation of the plants, but much less so by color. Yet it appeared to surpass all other flowers of the region in the number and variety of insect visitors. The yellow Thermopsis divaricata or mountain pea is abundant where Frasera grows. It has a color that renders it visible at a much greater distance than is Frasera, yet it is much less frequently visited by insects

Hanford radiological protection support services annual report for 1988

The report documents the performance of certain radiological protection sitewide services during calendar year (CY) 1988 by Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) in support of the US Department of Energy-Richland Operations Office (DOE-RL) and contractor activities on the Hanford Site. The routine program for each service is discussed along with any significant program changes and tasks, investigations, and studies performed in support of each program. Other related activities such as publications, presentations, and memberships on standard or industry committees are also listed. The programs covered provide services in the areas of (1) internal dosimetry, (2) in vivo measurements, (3) external dosimetry, (4) instrument calibration and evaluation, (5) calibration of radiation sources traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (formerly the National Bureau of Standards), and (6) radiological records. 23 refs., 15 figs., 15 tabs

Landscapes of Urbanization and De-Urbanization: A Large-Scale Approach to Investigating the Indus Civilization's Settlement Distributions in Northwest India.

Survey data play a fundamental role in studies of social complexity. Integrating the results from multiple projects into large-scale analyses encourages the reconsideration of existing interpretations. This approach is essential to understanding changes in the Indus Civilization's settlement distributions (ca. 2600-1600 b.c.), which shift from numerous small-scale settlements and a small number of larger urban centers to a de-nucleated pattern of settlement. This paper examines the interpretation that northwest India's settlement density increased as Indus cities declined by developing an integrated site location database and using this pilot database to conduct large-scale geographical information systems (GIS) analyses. It finds that settlement density in northwestern India may have increased in particular areas after ca. 1900 b.c., and that the resulting landscape of de-urbanization may have emerged at the expense of other processes. Investigating the Indus Civilization's landscapes has the potential to reveal broader dynamics of social complexity across extensive and varied environments.ER

Nothing Lasts Forever: Environmental Discourses on the Collapse of Past Societies

The study of the collapse of past societies raises many questions for the theory and practice of archaeology. Interest in collapse extends as well into the natural sciences and environmental and sustainability policy. Despite a range of approaches to collapse, the predominant paradigm is environmental collapse, which I argue obscures recognition of the dynamic role of social processes that lie at the heart of human communities. These environmental discourses, together with confusion over terminology and the concepts of collapse, have created widespread aporia about collapse and resulted in the creation of mixed messages about complex historical and social processes