7,577 research outputs found
An investigation of children's peer trust across culture: is the composition of peer trust universal?
The components of children's trust in same-gender peers (trust beliefs, ascribed trustworthiness, and dyadic reciprocal trust) were examined in samples of 8- to 11-year-olds from the UK, Italy, and Japan. Trust was assessed by children's ratings of the extent to which same-gender classmates kept promises and kept secrets. Social relations analyses confirmed that children from each country showed significant: (a) actor variance demonstrating reliable individual differences in trust beliefs, (b) partner variance demonstrating reliable individual differences in ascribed trustworthiness, and (c ) relationship variance demonstrating unique relationships between interaction partners. Cultural differences in trust beliefs and ascribed trustworthiness also emerged and these differences were attributed to the tendency for children from cultures that value societal goals to share personal information with the peer group
Difference score correlations in relationship research: A conceptual primer
The practice of computing correlations between âdifferenceâ or âdiscrepancyâ scores and an outcome variable is common in many areas of social science. Relationship researchers most commonly use difference scores to index the (dis)similarity of members of two-person relationships. Using an intuitive, graphical approachâand avoiding formulas and pointing fingersâwe illustrate problems with using difference score correlations in relationship research, suggest ways to ensure that difference score correlations are maximally informative, and briefly review alternatives to difference score correlations in studying similarity, accuracy, and related constructs.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73008/1/j.1475-6811.1999.tb00206.x.pd
Events, processes, and the time of a killing
The paper proposes a novel solution to the problem of the time of a killing (ToK), which persistently besets theories of act-individuation. The solution proposed claims to expose a crucial wrong-headed assumption in the debate, according to which ToK is essentially a problem of locating some event that corresponds to the killing. The alternative proposal put forward here turns on recognizing a separate category of dynamic occurents, viz. processes. The paper does not aim to mount a comprehensive defense of process ontology, relying instead on extant defenses. The primary aim is rather to put process ontology to work in diagnosing the current state of play over ToK, and indeed in solving it
Dynamic structure selection and instabilities of driven Josephson lattice in high-temperature superconductors
We investigate the dynamics of the Josephson vortex lattice in layered
high-T superconductors at high magnetic fields. Starting from coupled
equations for superconducting phases and magnetic field we derive equations for
the relative displacements [phase shifts] between the planar Josephson arrays
in the layers. These equations reveal two families of steady-state solutions:
lattices with constant phase shifts between neighboring layers, starting from
zero for a rectangular configuration to for a triangular configuration,
and double-periodic lattices. We find that the excess Josephson current is
resonantly enhanced when the Josephson frequency matches the frequency of the
plasma mode at the wave vector selected by the lattice structure. The regular
lattices exhibit several kinds of instabilities. We find stability regions of
the moving lattice in the plane lattice structure - Josephson frequency. A
specific lattice structure at given velocity is selected uniquely by boundary
conditions, which are determined by the reflection properties of
electromagnetic waves generated by the moving lattice. With increase of
velocity the moving configuration experiences several qualitative
transformations. At small velocities the regular lattice is stable and the
phase shift between neighboring layers smoothly decreases with increase of
velocity, starting from for a static lattice. At the critical velocity
the lattice becomes unstable. At even higher velocity a regular lattice is
restored again with the phase shift smaller than . With increase of
velocity, the structure evolves towards a rectangular configuration.Comment: 28 pages, 12 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.
Reliability Analysis in the Presence of Aleatory Uncertainty
This paper proposes a method for modeling a systems response using data. In contrast to approaches that identify a limit state function, we focus on the case in which not all uncertain parameters affecting the response are observable and the measured response is corrupted by noise. To this end, the system response is not characterized by a limit state function but instead by a Random Predictor Model (RPM) having a nonparametric structure. Consequently, the resulting failure probability is not a scalar but a random variable. This variable accounts for the aleatory contributions of the model-form uncertainty and the measurement noise into the response. Furthermore, we propose a framework that enables trading off the predicted range of failure probabilities resulting from such an analysis with a measure of risk. In this context, risk is the percentage of all predicted outcomes the analyst is willing to ignore. The reliability analysis of an aeroelastic structure subject to flutter is used to illustrate the ideas proposed
Goal Difficulty and Openness to Interpersonal Goal Support
When people pursue important goals, they are often surrounded by close others who could provide help and support for the achievement of these goals. The present work investigated whether people are more likely to be open to such interpersonal goal support from a romantic partner when they perceive their goals as being easy versus difficult. Using a multiple methods approach, three studies revealed that, compared with the pursuit of easy goals, when people pursue difficult goals, they are less likely to seek out and be open to support from their romantic partner. Studies 2 and 3 revealed that the effect of goal difficulty on openness to support was partially mediated by loss in self-efficacy. Finally, Study 3 revealed that lack of openness to support can have detrimental long-term consequences for the relationship, as it undermines relationship well-being
Associations between overweight and obesity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and fatty liver in young offenders serving community orders
Purpose: The health of young offenders supervised in the community has not been previously studied. This paper describes the prevalence of overweight, obesity and obesity associated cardiovascular and hepatic risk factors in a sample of young offenders supervised in the community in New South Wales, Australia. Methods: During 2003-2005, 802 (85% male) young offenders took part in a comprehensive health survey that included direct measurement of height and weight as well as blood sampling. Results: The prevalence of combined overweight and obesity was 33.7% in boys and 35.3% in girls; both rates were higher than those of a comparable community sample. Cardiovascular risk factor prevalence was extremely high compared with other published studies, with over 90% of boys and almost 80% of girls having low levels of HDL cholesterol, and over 40% of both boys and girls having elevated LDL cholesterol. Risk factors for fatty liver disease were also prevalent with almost 15% of boys, and 30% of girls having raised ALT suggesting hepatic cell injury. Cardiovascular and fatty liver disease risk factors were significantly associated with overweight and obesity among boys, but not girls in this sample. Young people of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander decent were at no greater risk than the rest of the population. Conclusions: Young offenders are among the most disadvantaged people in Australian society and are particularly vulnerable to a range of health problems. The high prevalence of risk factors represents a substantial health burden for these young people in early adulthood. Timely intervention is required to address the complex health needs of this under-served population
A multidimensional examination of marital conflict and subjective health over 16 years
Guided by stress process perspectives, this study conceptualizes marital conflict as a multidimensional stressor to assess how three aspects of conflictâfrequency of disagreements, breadth of disagreements, and cumulative disagreementsâimpact subjective health. Longitudinal data of married couples spanning 16âyears (n = 373 couples) were analyzed using multilevel modeling. For husbands, more frequent disagreements than usual within a given year were associated with poorer subjective health. For wives, the greater cumulative effects of disagreements over 16âyears were harmful for subjective health. We discuss how gendered selfârepresentations and relationship power issues help explain the findings. This research demonstrated the importance of examining multiple aspects of marital conflict to reveal that their subjective health consequences function differently for wives and husbands.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151831/1/pere12292_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151831/2/pere12292.pd
From partners to populations:A hierarchical Bayesian account of coordination and convention
Languages are powerful solutions to coordination problems: they provide
stable, shared expectations about how the words we say correspond to the
beliefs and intentions in our heads. Yet language use in a variable and
non-stationary social environment requires linguistic representations to be
flexible: old words acquire new ad hoc or partner-specific meanings on the fly.
In this paper, we introduce CHAI (Continual Hierarchical Adaptation through
Inference), a hierarchical Bayesian theory of coordination and convention
formation that aims to reconcile the long-standing tension between these two
basic observations. We argue that the central computational problem of
communication is not simply transmission, as in classical formulations, but
continual learning and adaptation over multiple timescales. Partner-specific
common ground quickly emerges from social inferences within dyadic
interactions, while community-wide social conventions are stable priors that
have been abstracted away from interactions with multiple partners. We present
new empirical data alongside simulations showing how our model provides a
computational foundation for several phenomena that have posed a challenge for
previous accounts: (1) the convergence to more efficient referring expressions
across repeated interaction with the same partner, (2) the gradual transfer of
partner-specific common ground to strangers, and (3) the influence of
communicative context on which conventions eventually form.Comment: In press at Psychological Revie
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