Occurrence and distribution of soybean viruses in Tennessee

Four commercial soybean fields were surveyed for virus occurrence in each of nineteen counties in the major production areas of Tennessee in 1987 and 1988. Six leaf samples, five symptomatic and one asymptomatic, were collected from each soybean field per county. Virus isolates were identified using the Protein A sandwich ELISA (PAS-ELISA) technique. Samples were tested with antisera specific to alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), bean pod mottle virus, (BPMV), bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), peanut mottle virus (PMV), peanut stunt virus (PSV), southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV), soybean mosaic virus (SMV), tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and white clover mosaic virus (WCMV). In 1987, 49% of the leaf samples collected tested positive for virus. AMV, BPMV, BYMV, CCMV, CMV, PSV, SBMV, SMV, TRSV and TSWV were detected. BPMV was the most frequently detected, occurring in 75% of the leaf samples that tested positive for virus. Other viruses occurred in less than 5% of the total positive samples. In 1988, 32% of the leaf samples collected tested positive for virus. AMV, BPMV, BYMV, CCMV, CMV, PSV, SBMV and TRSV were detected. BYMV was the most frequently detected virus, occurring in 33% of the positive leaf samples followed by BPMV (30%) and TRSV (11%). This is the first report of BPMV, CCMV, SBMV and SMV in any crop in Tennessee and the first report of AMV, BYMV, CMV, PSV, TRSV and TSWV occurring in soybeans in this state. Soybean cultivars in trials at the Agricultural Experiment Stations in Milan, Knoxville and Greenville, Tennessee were evaluated for virus occurrence and disease incidence. Thirty-one percent of the leaf samples collected tested positive for virus infection. AMV, BPMV, BYMV, CCMV, CMV, PSV, SBMV, SMV, TRSV and TSWV were detected from the leaf samples collected at Milan. BPMV, BYMV and SMV were detected at Knoxville. Alfalfa mosaic virus was the only virus found at Greenville. Virus incidence ranged from 0 to 9% with SMV being the most frequently detected virus occurring in 49% and 79% of the leaf samples that tested positive for virus at Milan and Knoxville, respectively. In 1988, soybean cultivars \u27Essex\u27, \u27Forrest\u27, \u27TN 5- 85\u27 and \u27York\u27 were inoculated with BPMV, or SMV, or BPMV and SMV at Knoxville and Milan, Tennessee to evaluate the effect of the viruses on yield. All cultivars were equally susceptible to BPMV infection. BPMV incidence ranged from 2-20% in cultivars inoculated with BPMV alone or in cultivars inoculated with BPMV and SMV. No BPMV was detected in plants not inoculated with BPMV. Little or no SMV occurred in cultivar \u27York\u27 with any treatment; however SMV incidence ranged from 4-69% in \u27Essex\u27, 2-42% in \u27Forrest\u27 and 7-75% in \u27TN 5-85\u27. Based on the analysis of variance, there were significant differences (P≤0.05) among blocks and cultivars but no significant differences among virus treatments or cultivar x treatment at Knoxville. However, significant differences (P≤0.01) were observed among all variables at Milan. According to Tukey\u27s mean separation test (P≤0.05) there was a significant decrease in yield among cultivars inoculated with BPMV/SMV at Milan when compared to all other treatments. No significant differences were found among treatments at Knoxville. Significant differences were found among the cultivars at both locations. At Milan, yields of the cultivar Essex were significantly higher than Forrest, TN 5-85 and York. Yields of TN 5-85 were also significantly higher than Forrest and York. At Knoxville, cultivar TN 5-85 yielded significantly higher than Essex but not significantly higher than cultivars Forrest and York. According to Tukey\u27s mean separation test (P≤0.05), there were differences in yield due to cultivar x treatment interactions at both locations; however no correlation between virus incidence and yield differences were apparent

Coastal but not littoral: marine resources in Nasca diet

We examine the contribution of marine resources to the Nasca dietary economy (Early Intermediate Period, c. 100 BC – AD 600, Peruvian south coast) through ceramic iconography, settlement patterns, maritime subsistence technology, fish and shell remains, and stable isotope analysis. Each data set has limitations, but combined a consistent pattern emerges. Though the rich marine biomass of the Peru Current offers potential for huge food surpluses, we conclude the Nasca use of their littoral zone was minor. This result contrasts with earlier and later subsistence patterns in the same area, and with contemporary dietary systems elsewhere along the Andean coast. This challenge to conventional wisdom on coastal economies highlights the need for new research to understand the full range of Andean adaptations, especially those which appear counter-intuitive. This study also questions the notion that percentage frequencies of motifs in the iconography reflect daily realities.The authors express their gratitude to the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, for providing grants in support of this research.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Taylor & Francis via http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0077629714Z.00000000012

Coastal but not Littoral: Marine Resources in Nasca Diet

We examine the contribution of marine resources to the Nasca dietary economy (Early Intermediate Period, c. 100 BC – AD 600, Peruvian south coast) through ceramic iconography, settlement patterns, maritime subsistence technology, fish and shell remains, and stable isotope analysis. Each data set has limitations, but combined a consistent pattern emerges. Though the rich marine biomass of the Peru Current offers potential for huge food surpluses, we conclude the Nasca use of their littoral zone was minor. This result contrasts with earlier and later subsistence patterns in the same area, and with contemporary dietary systems elsewhere along the Andean coast. This challenge to conventional wisdom on coastal economies highlights the need for new research to understand the full range of Andean adaptations, especially those which appear counter-intuitive. This study also questions the notion that percentage frequencies of motifs in the iconography reflect daily realities.The authors express their gratitude to the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, for providing grants in support of this research.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Taylor & Francis via http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0077629714Z.00000000012

Induction and patterning of the cement gland during Xenopus laevis embryogenesis

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology, 1994.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-60).by Brenda Schafer Kennedy.M.S

Resolved Imaging of the HR 8799 Debris Disk with Herschel

We present Herschel far-infrared and submillimeter maps of the debris disk associated with the HR 8799 planetary system. We resolve the outer disk emission at 70, 100, 160 and 250 um and detect the disk at 350 and 500 um. A smooth model explains the observed disk emission well. We observe no obvious clumps or asymmetries associated with the trapping of planetesimals that is a potential consequence of planetary migration in the system. We estimate that the disk eccentricity must be <0.1. As in previous work by Su et al. (2009), we find a disk with three components: a warm inner component and two outer components, a planetesimal belt extending from 100 - 310 AU, with some flexibility (+/- 10 AU) on the inner edge, and the external halo which extends to ~2000 AU. We measure the disk inclination to be 26 +/- 3 deg from face-on at a position angle of 64 deg E of N, establishing that the disk is coplanar with the star and planets. The SED of the disk is well fit by blackbody grains whose semi-major axes lie within the planetesimal belt, suggesting an absence of small grains. The wavelength at which the spectrum steepens from blackbody, 47 +/- 30 um, however, is short compared to other A star debris disks, suggesting that there are atypically small grains likely populating the halo. The PACS longer wavelength data yield a lower disk color temperature than do MIPS data (24 and 70 um), implying two distinct halo dust grain populations.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures (6 color), accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa

Teacher Perspectives of Professional Development and the Implementation of Instructional Practice for English Language Learners

An increasing number of U.S. teachers of English Language Learners (ELL) across the nation are not receiving adequate in-service training to provide instruction within students’ Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Vygotsky’s ZPD is the difference between what a person can achieve when acting alone and what the same person can achieve when acting with support from someone else. ELL instructional practices should be implemented in ELL students’ ZPD to ensure adequate academic performance. A lack of training is a local problem for a school district in the state of Florida. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore the perspectives of ELL teachers regarding the professional development trainings they received to teach ELL students within their ZPD. The two research questions focused on: (a) how elementary teachers implement instructional practices and resources to teach ELL students within their ZPD and (b) what their perspectives are of the professional development they were provided to teach ELL students. A purposeful sample of eight teachers of ELL students in the first through fifth grades participated in individual interview sessions. Using thematic analysis, data were analyzed using open coding and axial coding. The findings revealed participants’ concerns regarding their knowledge and preparation, as well as the professional development they were offered for teaching the ELL students. An in-service training project was created to provide teachers of ELL students with more information regarding strategies, accommodations, and instructional implementation. This study may contribute to positive social change by highlighting areas of concern for further research. Providing in-service training may equip teachers with the skills and knowledge that they need to teach ELL students within their ZPD, which may result in better educational outcomes

Marriage patterns in an Archaic population : a study of skeletal remains from Port au Choix, Newfoundland

In recent years there have been a variety of attempts to reconstruct prehistoric patterns of endogamy, exogamy, and post-nuptial residence using data collected from archaeological sites. This thesis is concerned with the use of data collected from skeletal remains in studies of this nature. More specifically, it is concerned with the use of osteological data in reconstructing the marriage patterns of a group of Archaic Indians buried at Port au Choix, Newfoundland. -- This study is based on the premise that marriage patterns determine the composition of the adult segment of hunter-gatherer groups, and that the composition of the adult segment is reflected in the expression of osteological traits within and between the sexes. A model is proposed which links the various combinations of endogamy and exogamy (three forms) and the three principle types of residence units with specific patterns of within- and between-sex variability of trait expression. -- A group of eighteen adult females and twenty-two adult males from Locus II of the Port au Choix-3 site is used as the sample for this study. A series of metric and non-metric traits describing the cranial and infracranial skeleton, and a number of univariate and multivariate statistical techniques are employed in the analysis. The results of the analysis seem to indicate the practice of exogamy coupled with a virilocal post-nuptial residence pattern. -- The use of osteological data in reconstructions of prehistoric marriage patterns would seem to be a valid endeavor if a well-defined sample is available, and if careful consideration is given to the selection of traits and statistical techniques employed in the analysis