What Happened to the Honorifics in a Local Japanese Dialect in 55 years: A Report from the Okazaki Survey on Honorifics

This paper reports the analysis of the three trend samples from the Okazaki Honorifics Survey, a longitudinal survey by the National Language Research Institute on the use and the awareness of honorifics in Okazaki city, Aichi Prefecture in Japan. Its main results are: (1) the Okazakians are using more polite forms over the 55 years; (2) the effect of the three social variables (sex, age, and educational background), which used to be strong factors controlling the use of the honorifics in the speech community, are diminishing over the years; (3) in OSH I and II, the questions show clustering by the feature [±service interaction], while the same 11 questions in OSH III exhibit clustering by a different feature, [±spontaneous]; (4) the change in (3) and (4) can be accounted for nicely by the Democratization Hypothesis proposed by Inoue (1999) for the variation and change of honorifics in other Japanese dialects. It was also pointed out, however, that the complete picture of the changes in the honorifics system in Okazaki requires the analysis of the panel samples of the survey

橋下徹大阪府知事記者会見記録の探索的分析

橋下大阪府知事の就任以来2年間にわたる定例記者会見記録を用いて、そこで言及される人名、政党名、そして自称詞について分析を行った。人名については一時期頻繁に言及されるものと、長期にわたりほぼ安定して言及されるものがあり、それらが言及時期によりいくつかのパターンをなしていることがわかった。政党名では、就任当初は自民・公明・民主の3党でほとんど差がなかったものが、2009年8月の政権交代以降民主党の言及数が自民・公明を圧倒している。さらに政党名に「さん」付けをする割合を検討すると、やはり民主党に対する「さん」付けが大幅に増加していることがわかった。自称詞を分析すると、もともと高かった「僕」の割合が2年目にはさらに増えて、「私」がほとんど使われない状態になっていることが判明した。最後に今後有望そうなトピックを3点指摘した。The press conference transcripts of Toru Hashimoto, Governor of Osaka Prefecture, were analyzed with respect to the person names, name of the political parties and first person pronouns that are used in his speech. The person names were found to be categorized into two groups, those that are mentioned only for a short period and those that are more or less constantly mentioned through his two years\u27 tenure. The Governor also shows an interesting change in the frequencies with he refers to the LDP (Jiminto), the Komeito and the DPJ (Minshuto), While there was scarcely any difference as to the number of times that the Governor mentioned each party in the early days of his tenure, the change of power in August 2009 brought about a drastic increase of the word DPJ in his speech. Furthermore, the Governor also attaches -san, a Japanese honorific suffix for a person\u27s name, more often to the DPJ than the other two parties. As to the first person pronoun, it was found that he pushed his preference for boku (a casual first person pronoun for males) to watashi/watakushi (a formal counterpart) further in his second year, making the latter from all but extinct in his press conference speeches. Lastly, several interesting topics for further study were also suggested

VARBRULプログラムとは何か

VARBRULプログラムは欧米の変異理論研究では一般的なフリーウェアだが、日本においてはVARBRUL登場後30年たってなお、その紹介が十分に成されているとは言い難い状況にある。本稿ではVARBRULの基本から、実際の使用法、そして現バージョンのVARBRULが持つ諸問題点を指摘するものである。VARBRUL is a logistic regression program that has been used in variationist sociolinguistics since the 1970s. Although it is by now the default analysis tool in the field, the software is far from popular in Japanese sociolinguistics, partly due to the poverty of introductory texts for this sophisticated freeware. This paper is intended to be a general introduction to the software, covering the statistical problems it is intended to deal with, as well as the practical how-to\u27s of the program

第2言語コーパスからみた言語普遍性

One of the interesting possibilities suggested by the development of interlanguage studies is a correlation between the L1/L2 variation and the distinction between language-universal/language-particular constraints governing the variation within a language system. If there were a language-universal constraint such that all the (known) languages conform to it, then one would expect that interlanguage, as a language system in itself, should conform to such a constraint as well. This paper takes up the zero-marking of an accusative case marker o in Japanese to explore the possibility mentioned above. Zero-marking of o, which is most sensitive to the adjacency between the object NP and the verb (a language-particular constraint), has at least one constraint that is known to be a language-universal : the distinction between the lexical NP and the pronoun for the object NP, with the pronoun significantly disfavoring zero-marking. This is easily explainable as a reflection of a language universal such that a language with an overt case-marking system should case-mark the pronouns, but not necessarily the lexical NPs. Using a corpus of transcribed OPI interviews with Chinese and Korean speakers, I collected relevant accusative constructions to see if the variable zero-marking by the L2 speakers is accountable by the language-particular/ universal factors. The result shows that : (1) the form of NP showed up as the significant factor in predicting the zero-marking by the L2 speaker and (2) the difference between the pronoun and the lexical NP, also was as expected, with pronoun disfavoring zero-marking. The result clearly shows that at least in the early and mid stage of L2 acquisition, the interlanguage system reveals language-universal constraint, in this case the implicational relationship between the case-marking on NP and pronoun

変異理論の新展開と日本語変異データの多角的分析

神戸松蔭女子学院大

大正～昭和戦前期のSP盤演説レコードにおける「場合」の読みについて

神戸松蔭女子学院大学Kobe Shoin Women\u27s University大正～昭和戦前期のSP盤演説レコードを収めた岡田コレクションでは，「場合」の読みとして「ばやい」という発音が多数を占めている。これに対して辞書記述，コーパス，国会審議の会議録・映像音声などを調査すると，現代語における読みでは「ばあい」が圧倒的多数を占めており，「場合」の発音が岡田コレクションの時代から現代にかけて大きく変化したことが窺われる。「ばやい」は寛政期の複数方言を記した洒落本に登場する形式であり，明治中期に発表された『音韻調査報告書』は「ばやい」という発音が全国的に分布する方言形であったことを示す。本論文では岡田コレクションにおける「ばやい」という発音が，講演者達の母語方言形であり，その後標準語教育が浸透するなかで「ばやい」が方言形，さらに卑語的表現として認知され，最終的に「場合」の読みとして「ばあい」が一般化したことを主張する。A survey of the recordings in the Okada Collection, a collection of speeches from the Taisho era to the early Showa era (from the 1910s to 1940s), shows that the most popular pronunciation of the word baai (場合) was bayai, and not baai. This is in stark contrast to contemporary Japanese, where, if we follow the distribution of dictionary entries, statistics based on the corpora, and actual pronunciations employed in Diet meetings, the word is pronounced as baai by an overwhelming majority. This paper attempts to account for the difference through examining corpus data, historical documents, and dialectological survey results. The form bayai appears in Sharebon, a late Edo-period novelette, from multiple dialectal areas; further, the On-in Chosa Hokokusho, the first official nationwide dialectological survey by the government published in 1905, indicates that bayai was a rather common dialectal form used in a number of dialects across the country. This paper claims that speakers from the Okada Collection simply used their native dialectal forms. With the spread of Standard Japanese after World War II, bayai has come to be recognized as a dialectal form, and in fact, even as a vulgarism. Baai, in contrast, emerged as the standard form that is widely used in contemporary Japanese. Although further research is required to trace the word\u27s exact development in the post-WWII era, this paper demonstrates the historical value of the Okada Collection for the study of the development of contemporary Japanese

新漢字と旧漢字が混在したテキストからの短単位形態素の抽出について

神戸松蔭女子学院大学Kobe Shoin Women’s University旧字体と新字体の混在するテキストは，形態素解析において誤解析の原因となることが多く，その対策としては形態素解析辞書の記載に異体字を加える方法，そして予め漢字を新字体に置換しておく方法，また複数の辞書を使い分けるといった方法が考えられる。本稿では字体置換6通りと，辞書の使い分け3通りを掛け合わせた18組の組み合わせで國/国，會/会，關/関3対の旧/新字体の対を含んだテキストの形態素解析を行うことで，目的とする漢字を含む形態素がどれほど正確に切り出せるのかを検討した。データとして第1～10回までの国会会議録を用いた。結果は，漢字置換で隣接する漢字が旧字体の場合に旧字体に置換し，隣接しない場合は新字体とするという置換法（デフォルトを新字体とする日和見置換）と，すべてについて近代文語UniDicを用いるか，1949年の当用漢字字体表告示を境として，それ以前では近代文語UniDicを用い，それ以後では現代語書き言葉UniDicを用いる方法が，もっとも正確に当該漢字を含む短単位形態素を切り出せるというものであった。形態素解析辞書の記載に異体字を加える方法には，異体字が記載されていない形態素が出現した場合に対応ができないという欠点があるのに対して，漢字置換と辞書の使い分けを活用する方法は，そうした場合にも柔軟に対応が可能であるという利点があることを主張した。Japanese texts containing a mixture of old-(kyūjitai) and new-(shinjitai) style kanji scripts pose a serious problem for an automatic morphological analyzer. However, recent developments in various dictionaries by era, undertaken by the corpora project at NINJAL, have brought about a new opportunity to solve this problem. Another promising solution is to replace the script in the text in some way, so that the analyzer can correctly identify the characters/morphemes. We designed an experiment with three dictionary selection methods and six replacement methods using three pairs of old/new kanji scripts (國/国, 會/会 and 關/関) to determine which combination would result in the most precise analysis. An analysis of the text data from the Minutes of the National Diet between 1947 and 1951 demonstrated that, of the 18 combinations, two dictionaries gave the best results. These were, the Contemporary Written Japanese UniDic dictionary up to the public notification of the Table of Script Styles of Jōyō Kanji on April 29, 1949, and The Modern Literary UniDic. With these, we coupled a replacement of a kanji script with an old counterpart when its immediate neighbor was also an old one, and with a new one when it was not. Although the addition of the different scripts to the dictionary entries would be another viable solution, our method is more desirable in that it is applicable to a wider range of texts without dictionary entry modifications