Toward a Bias Corrected Currency Equivalent Index

Measuring the economic stock of money, defined to be the present value of current and future monetary service flows, is a difficult asset pricing problem, because most monetary assets yield interest. Thus, an interest yielding monetary asset is a joint product: a durable good providing a monetary service flow and a financial asset yielding a return. The currency equivalent index provides an elegant solution, but it does so by making strong assumptions about expectations of future monetary service flows. These assumptions cause the currency equivalent index to exhibit significant downward bias. In this paper, we propose an extension to the currency equivalent index that will correct for a significant amount of this bias.Currency equivalent index, monetary aggregation, money stock

The Olympics in East Asia: Nationalism, Regionalism, and Globalism on the Center Stage of World Sports

Yale CEAS Occasional Publication Series - Volume 3https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/ceas_publication_series/1002/thumbnail.jp

This Sporting Life: Sports and Body Culture in Modern Japan

Yale CEAS Occasional Publication Series - Volume 1 Sports in Japan have long been embedded in community life, the educational system, the mass media, the corporate structures, and the nationalist sentiments of modern Japan. For over a century, they have been a crucial intersection of school pedagogy, corporate aims, media constructions, gender relations, and patriotic feelings. The chapters in this book highlight a wide range of sports, and together, they offer a significant window on to the ways that the sporting life animates the institutions of modern Japan.https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/ceas_publication_series/1000/thumbnail.jp

Resistance to Fracture of Two All-Ceramic Crown Materials Following Endodontic Access

Statement of problem There is currently no protocol for managing endodontic access openings for all-ceramic crowns. A direct restorative material is generally used to repair the access opening, rendering a repaired crown as the definitive restoration. This endodontic procedure, however, may weaken the restoration or initiate microcracks that may propagate, resulting in premature failure of the restoration. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate how an endodontic access opening prepared through an all-ceramic crown altered the structural integrity of the ceramic, and the effect of a repair of this access on the load to failure of an all-ceramic crown. Material and methods Twenty-four alumina (Procera) and 24 zirconia (Procera) crowns were fabricated and cemented (Rely X Luting Plus Cement) onto duplicate epoxy resin dies. Twelve crowns of each were accessed to simulate root canal treatment therapy. Surface defects of all accessed specimens were evaluated with an environmental scanning electron microscope. The specimens were repaired with a porcelain repair system (standard adhesive resin/composite resin protocol) and were loaded to failure in a universal testing machine. Observations made visually and microscopically noted veneer delamination from the core, core fracture, shear within the veneer porcelain, or a combination thereof. A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine if a significant difference (α=.05) in load to failure existed between the 4 groups, and a Mann-Whitney test with a Bonferroni correction (P Results All specimens exhibited edge chipping around the access openings. Some displayed larger chips within the veneering porcelain, and 4 zirconia crowns showed radial crack formation. There was a significant difference in load to failure among all groups with the exception of the alumina intact and repaired specimens (P=.695). The alumina crowns generally showed fracture of the coping with the veneering porcelain still bonded to the core, whereas the zirconia copings tended not to fracture but experienced veneering porcelain delamination. Conclusion Endodontic access through all-ceramic crowns resulted in a significant loss of strength in the zirconia specimens but not in the alumina specimens

Amyloid as a natural product

Amyloid fibrils, such as those found in Alzheimer's and the gelsolin amyloid diseases, result from the misassembly of peptides produced by either normal or aberrant intracellular proteolytic processing. A paper in this issue by Marks and colleagues (Berson et al., 2003) demonstrates that intra-melanosome fibrils are formed through normal biological proteolytic processing of an integral membrane protein. The resulting peptide fragment assembles into fibrils promoting the formation of melanin pigment granules. These results, along with the observation that amyloid fibril formation by bacteria is highly orchestrated, suggest that fibril formation is an evolutionary conserved biological pathway used to generate natural product nanostructures

Past approaches and future directions for targeting tumor hypoxia in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck

AbstractRecurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) carries a poor prognosis. Tumor hypoxia (TH) has been implicated as one of many factors contributing to SCCHN recurrence. TH leads to radiation resistance by reversing radiation-induced DNA damage. Effective strategies to overcome TH may improve outcomes in patients with SCCHN. We searched the English literature on PubMed and reviewed the reference sections of key articles related to TH (publications spanning from the early 1900s to the present). We summarized the underlying theory of TH in SCCHN, methods for quantifying it, and the numerous therapies developed to modulate it. We included articles that set the foundation of TH as a theory and the most relevant articles published within the last 15 years related to TH quantification and therapeutic targeting. Despite extensive research, targeting TH in SCCHN has not become a part of routine clinical practice in North America, and we analyze the pitfalls in hypoxia research that have led to this failure. We propose that future studies should test a combined approach of targeting the immune system in addition to cellular pathways rendered aberrant in TH and should include development of novel surrogate markers of TH and/or TH imaging

Recreation and Fire Management in Urban National Forests: A Study of Manager Perspectives

The purpose of this study was to understand U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service public land managers’ perceptions of fire management and recreational use in urban national forests of the United States. An online survey was used to understand managers’ perceptions of (a) the degree to which the presence of recreational activities and experiences are a constraint to fire management, (b) the degree to which fire management and suppression activities influence the quality of a visit to a recreation site, and (c) the relationships between fire management and recreation constraints. In all, 62 district rangers within urban national forests were asked to complete an online survey, and 33 responded (53 percent). The following items were thought to moderately to severely impact the managers’ ability to manage fire: increased urban development, budget constraints, accumulation of burnable fuels, effect of smoke on visitors, increased visitation, and the lack of trained personnel. In addition, most managers believed that recreational use of day-use areas, trails, campgrounds, and access roads conflicted moderately or slightly with fire management decisions. Over 70 percent of respondents indicated that mountain bikes on unauthorized trails, vandalism, litter, encroachment from surrounding farmland, unauthorized grazing, and, unauthorized logging did not have an impact on fire management decisions. Generally respondents did not perceive management factors as limiting visitors’ pursuit of recreation activities. In addition, most managers identified the occurrence of various management activities (e.g., campground closures from smoke, trail closures owing to wildland fires, fire suppression, etc.) as slightly to not limiting at all