56,536 research outputs found
The Infrared Nucleus of the Wolf-Rayet Galaxy Henize 2-10
We have obtained near-infrared images and mid-infrared spectra of the
starburst core of the dwarf Wolf-Rayet galaxy He 2-10. We find that the
infrared continuum and emission lines are concentrated in a flattened ellipse
3-4'' or 150 pc across which may show where a recent accretion event has
triggered intense star formation. The ionizing radiation from this cluster has
an effective temperature of 40,000 K, corresponding to stars, and
the starburst is years old.Comment: 17 pages Latex, 7 postscript figures, 1 postscript table, accepted to
A
Sympathetic nerve-derived ATP regulates renal medullary vasa recta diameter via pericyte cells: a role for regulating medullary blood flow?
Pericyte cells are now known to be a novel locus of blood flow control, being able to regulate capillary diameter via their unique morphology and expression of contractile proteins. We have previously shown that exogenous ATP causes constriction of vasa recta via renal pericytes, acting at a variety of membrane bound P2 receptors on descending vasa recta (DVR), and therefore may be able to regulate medullary blood flow (MBF). Regulation of MBF is essential for appropriate urine concentration and providing essential oxygen and nutrients to this region of high, and variable, metabolic demand. Various sources of endogenous ATP have been proposed, including from epithelial, endothelial, and red blood cells in response to stimuli such as mechanical stimulation, local acidosis, hypoxia, and exposure to various hormones. Extensive sympathetic innervation of the nephron has previously been shown, however the innervation reported has focused around the proximal and distal tubules, and ascending loop of Henle. We hypothesize that sympathetic nerves are an additional source of ATP acting at renal pericytes and therefore regulate MBF. Using a rat live kidney slice model in combination with video imaging and confocal microscopy techniques we firstly show sympathetic nerves in close proximity to vasa recta pericytes in both the outer and inner medulla. Secondly, we demonstrate pharmacological stimulation of sympathetic nerves in situ (by tyramine) evokes pericyte-mediated vasoconstriction of vasa recta capillaries; inhibited by the application of the P2 receptor antagonist suramin. Lastly, tyramine-evoked vasoconstriction of vasa recta by pericytes is significantly less than ATP-evoked vasoconstriction. Sympathetic innervation may provide an additional level of functional regulation in the renal medulla that is highly localized. It now needs to be determined under which physiological/pathophysiological circumstances that sympathetic innervation of renal pericytes is important
Some Aspects of Measurement Error in Linear Regression of Astronomical Data
I describe a Bayesian method to account for measurement errors in linear
regression of astronomical data. The method allows for heteroscedastic and
possibly correlated measurement errors, and intrinsic scatter in the regression
relationship. The method is based on deriving a likelihood function for the
measured data, and I focus on the case when the intrinsic distribution of the
independent variables can be approximated using a mixture of Gaussians. I
generalize the method to incorporate multiple independent variables,
non-detections, and selection effects (e.g., Malmquist bias). A Gibbs sampler
is described for simulating random draws from the probability distribution of
the parameters, given the observed data. I use simulation to compare the method
with other common estimators. The simulations illustrate that the Gaussian
mixture model outperforms other common estimators and can effectively give
constraints on the regression parameters, even when the measurement errors
dominate the observed scatter, source detection fraction is low, or the
intrinsic distribution of the independent variables is not a mixture of
Gaussians. I conclude by using this method to fit the X-ray spectral slope as a
function of Eddington ratio using a sample of 39 z < 0.8 radio-quiet quasars. I
confirm the correlation seen by other authors between the radio-quiet quasar
X-ray spectral slope and the Eddington ratio, where the X-ray spectral slope
softens as the Eddington ratio increases.Comment: 39 pages, 11 figures, 1 table, accepted by ApJ. IDL routines
(linmix_err.pro) for performing the Markov Chain Monte Carlo are available at
the IDL astronomy user's library, http://idlastro.gsfc.nasa.gov/homepage.htm
The Role of Harvest Timing in Pest Management: Grower Response to Infestation by the California Olive Fruit Fly
Crop Production/Industries,
Cartesian Bicategories II
The notion of cartesian bicategory, introduced by Carboni and Walters for
locally ordered bicategories, is extended to general bicategories. It is shown
that a cartesian bicategory is a symmetric monoidal bicategory
- …