Let\u27s Go Where We Can Have Some Fun

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Coastal heritage, global climate change, public engagement, and citizen science

Climate change is threatening an uncalculated number of archaeological sites globally, totalling perhaps hundreds of thousands of culturally and paleoenvironmentally significant resources. As with all archaeological sites, they provide evidence of humanity’s past and help us understand our place in the present world. Coastal sites, clustered at the water’s edge, are already experiencing some of the most dramatic damage due to anthropogenic climate change; and the situation is predicted to worsen in the future. In the face of catastrophic loss, organizations around the world are developing new ways of working with this threatened coastal resource. This paper uses three examples, from Scotland, Florida and Maine, to highlight how new partnerships and citizen science approaches are building communities of practice to better manage threatened coastal heritage. It compares methods on either side of the Atlantic and highlights challenges and solutions. The approaches are applicable to the increasing number of heritage sites everywhere at risk from climate change; the study of coastal sites thus helps society prepare for climate change impacts to heritage worldwide.PostprintPeer reviewe

Mitogenomics reveals high synteny and long evolutionary histories of sympatric cryptic nematode species

Species with seemingly identical morphology but with distinct genetic differences are abundant in the marine environment and frequently co-occur in the same habitat. Such cryptic species are typically delineated using a limited number of mitochondrial and/or nuclear marker genes, which do not yield information on gene order and gene content of the genomes under consideration. We used next-generation sequencing to study the composition of the mitochondrial genomes of four sympatrically distributed cryptic species of the Litoditis marina species complex (PmI, PmII, PmIII, and PmIV). The ecology, biology, and natural occurrence of these four species are well known, but the evolutionary processes behind this cryptic speciation remain largely unknown. The gene order of the mitochondrial genomes of the four species was conserved, but differences in genome length, gene length, and codon usage were observed. The atp8 gene was lacking in all four species. Phylogenetic analyses confirm that PmI and PmIV are sister species and that PmIII diverged earliest. The most recent common ancestor of the four cryptic species was estimated to have diverged 16 MYA. Synonymous mutations outnumbered nonsynonymous changes in all protein-encoding genes, with the Complex IV genes (coxI-III) experiencing the strongest purifying selection. Our mitogenomic results show that morphologically similar species can have long evolutionary histories and that PmIII has several differences in genetic makeup compared to the three other species, which may explain why it is better adapted to higher temperatures than the other species

Evaluation of Polymorphic Locus Sequence Typing for Candida glabrata Epidemiology.

The opportunistic yeastCandida glabratais increasingly refractory to antifungal treatment or prophylaxis and relatedly is increasingly implicated in health care-associated infections. To elucidate the epidemiology of these infections, strain typing is required. Sequence-based typing provides multiple advantages over length-based methods, such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE); however, conventional multilocus sequence typing (targeting 6 conserved loci) and whole-genome sequencing are impractical for routine use. A commercial sequence-based typing service forC. glabratathat targets polymorphic tandem repeat-containing loci has recently been developed. These CgMT-J and CgMT-M services were evaluated with 56 epidemiologically unrelated isolates, 4 to 7 fluconazole-susceptible or fluconazole-resistant isolates from each of 5 center A patients, 5 matched pairs of fluconazole-susceptible/resistant isolates from center B patients, and 7 isolates from a center C patient who responded to then failed caspofungin therapy. CgMT-J and CgMT-M generated congruent results, resolving isolates into 24 and 20 alleles, respectively. Isolates from all but one of the center A patients shared the same otherwise rare alleles, suggesting nosocomial transmission. Unexpectedly, Pdr1 sequencing showed that resistance arose independently in each patient. Similarly, most isolates from center B also clustered together; however, this may reflect a dominant clone since their alleles were shared by multiple unrelated isolates. Although distinguishable by their echinocandin susceptibilities, all isolates from the center C patient shared alleles, in agreement with the previously reported relatedness of these isolates based on PFGE. Finally, we show how phylogenetic clusters can be used to provide surrogate parents to analyze the mutational basis for antifungal resistance

Distributions of nuclear fuel-reprocessing tracers in the Arctic Ocean: Indications of Russian river influence

Radionuclide sampling in 1986 and 1993 in the Canada Basin, and in 1993 in the Amundsen Basin and on the adjacent Laptev shelf, provides new insights into the origin, timing, pathways, and mechanisms for dispersal of non-fallout radioactive tracers in the Arctic Ocean. First, samples from the Beaufort Sea shelf, slope, and adjacent basin show a four-fold increase in 129I concentrations from 1986 to 1993. Second, anthropogenic non-fallout radionuclide concentrations in the Beaufort Sea increase with proximity to slope boundary currents. Third, there is evidence for riverine contributions of anthropogenic radionuclides to surface waters of the Amundsen Basin and the Laptev continental shelf. This evidence includes high surface water burdens of 237Np and 129I, with the maximum in anthropogenic 129I found in the least saline and most 18O-depleted waters, consistent with an origin in high-latitude runoff. Additionally, the 237Np/129I atom ratios in the Laptev Sea and Amundsen Basin in 1993 were significantly lower than observed elsewhere in the Arctic Ocean and can be reasonably explained by 129I added during transit of the Russian shelves. The 240Pu/239Pu ratios in the water column were mostly near 0.18, consistent both with stratospheric bomb fallout and with the discharged-weighted mean Sellafield ratio during 1966-1985. In the least saline water samples collected at the most shallow Laptev shelf station, however, the Pu ratios were lower, consistent with a non-European nuclear fuel reprocessing source. There are clear secondary maxima in 237Np and 129I near 1000 m in the Amundsen Basin, likely associated with the Barents Sea branch of Atlantic water. Finally, the 129I/salinity and 129I/δ18O relationships in the Amundsen and Canada Basins at middepths are indistinguishable, suggesting effective horizontal dispersion

Health and Housing in an Aging Population: Identifying Risk Factors of Seniors Living Independently

Background: Aging is associated with numerous risk factors for declining physical and mental health. As a result, many elder individuals are forced to relocate to nursing homes, assisted living centers or just closer to adequate medical facilities. Studies have shown: • Relocation of elders is associated with depression, anxiety, memory loss, and decreased social adjustment and life satisfaction • Persistently lonely people exhibit a 2-fold greater risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) than those who are not chronically lonely • Increased social interaction improves cognitive function in individuals with AD By helping seniors to age in place, many of the deleterious risks of relocation, such as social isolation, depression, and cognitive decline could be avoided. In addition to relocation, other risk factors that affect cognition have been identified: • Physical activity is associated with higher cognitive functioning in elders • Polypharmacy is a risk factor for impaired cognition Thus, simple modifications that allow seniors to age in place may reduce morbidity and enhance quality of life. Cathedral Square Corporation (CSC) is a non-profit organization whose mission is to develop, manage, and own housing that provides community services to promote the health and well-being of elders, low income persons, and persons with disabilities. Students from the University of Vermont College of Medicine (UVM) partnered with CSC in a project to promote aging in place via evaluation of seniors’ current needs and the development of a service model to meet these needs at home.https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/comphp_gallery/1010/thumbnail.jp