Climb-dash real-time calculations

On-board rear-optimal climb-dash energy management, optimal symmetric flight with an intermediate vehicle model, and energy states are presented

Optimal symmetric flight studies

Several topics in optimal symmetric flight of airbreathing vehicles are examined. In one study, an approximation scheme designed for onboard real-time energy management of climb-dash is developed and calculations for a high-performance aircraft presented. In another, a vehicle model intermediate in complexity between energy and point-mass models is explored and some quirks in optimal flight characteristics peculiar to the model uncovered. In yet another study, energy-modelling procedures are re-examined with a view to stretching the range of validity of zeroth-order approximation by special choice of state variables. In a final study, time-fuel tradeoffs in cruise-dash are examined for the consequences of nonconvexities appearing in the classical steady cruise-dash model. Two appendices provide retrospective looks at two early publications on energy modelling and related optimal control theory

The Apollo Virtual Microscope Collection: Lunar Mineralogy and Petrology of Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15 and 16 Rocks

We report on the new Virtual Microscopes on Apollo 16 lunar samples in our Apollo Virtual Microscope collection

Spectral and Spatial Dependence of Diffuse Optical Signals in Response to Peripheral Nerve Stimulation

Using non-invasive, near-infrared spectroscopy we have previously reported optical signals measured at or around peripheral nerves in response to their stimulation. Such optical signals featured amplitudes on the order of 0.1% and peaked about 100 ms after peripheral nerve stimulation in human subjects. Here, we report a study of the spatial and spectral dependence of the optical signals induced by stimulation of the human median and sural nerves, and observe that these optical signals are: (1) unlikely due to either dilation or constriction of blood vessels, (2) not associated with capillary bed hemoglobin, (3) likely due to blood vessel(s) displacement, and (4) unlikely due to fiber-skin optical coupling effects. We conclude that the most probable origin of the optical response to peripheral nerve stimulation is from displacement of blood vessels within the optically probed volume, as a result of muscle twitch in adjacent areas.National Institutes of Health (R01-NS059933); U.S. Army Medical Acquisition Activity (W81XWH-07-2-0011

New Constraints on Neutralino Dark Matter in the Supersymmetric Standard Model

We investigate the prospects for neutralino dark matter within the Supersymmetric Standard Model (SSM) including the constraints from universal soft supersymmetry breaking and radiative breaking of the electroweak symmetry. The latter is enforced by using the one-loop Higgs effective potential which automatically gives the one-loop corrected Higgs boson masses. We perform an exhaustive search of the allowed five-dimensional parameter space and find that the neutralino relic abundance $\Omega_\chi h^2_0$ depends most strongly on the ratio $\xi_0\equiv m_0/m_{1/2}$. For $\xi_0\gg1$ the relic abundance is almost always much too large, whereas for $\xi_0\ll1$ the opposite occurs. For $\xi_0\sim1$ there are wide ranges of the remaining parameters for which $\Omega_\chi\sim1$. We also determine that m_{\tilde q}\gsim250\GeV and m_{\tilde l}\gsim100\GeV are necessary in order to possibly achieve $\Omega_\chi\sim1$. These lower bounds are much weaker than the corresponding ones derived previously when radiative breaking was {\it not} enforced.Comment: 12 pages plus 6 figures (not included), CERN-TH.6584/92, CTP-TAMU-56/92, UAHEP921

Radioresistance of Brain Tumors

Radiation therapy (RT) is frequently used as part of the standard of care treatment of the majority of brain tumors. The efficacy of RT is limited by radioresistance and by normal tissue radiation tolerance. This is highlighted in pediatric brain tumors where the use of radiation is limited by the excessive toxicity to the developing brain. For these reasons, radiosensitization of tumor cells would be beneficial. In this review, we focus on radioresistance mechanisms intrinsic to tumor cells. We also evaluate existing approaches to induce radiosensitization and explore future avenues of investigation

Variations in Fe\u3csup\u3e3+\u3c/sup\u3e/∑Fe of Mariana Arc Basalts and Mantle Wedge \u3cem\u3ef\u3c/em\u3eO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e

Arc basalts are more oxidized than mid-ocean ridge basalts, but it is unclear whether this difference is due to differentiation processes in the Earth’s crust or to a fundamental difference in the oxygen fugacity of their mantle sources. Distinguishing between these two hypotheses is important for understanding redox-sensitive processes related to arc magmatism, and thus more broadly how Earth materials cycle globally. We present major, volatile, and trace element concentrations in combination with Fe3+/∑Fe ratios determined in olivine-hosted glass inclusions and submarine glasses from five Mariana arc volcanoes and two regions of the Mariana Trough. For single eruptions, Fe3+/∑Fe ratios vary along liquid lines of descent that are either slightly oxidizing (olivine + clinopyroxene + plagioclase fractionation, CO2 ± H2O degassing) or reducing (olivine + clinopyroxene + plagioclase ± magnetite fractionation, CO2 + H2O + S degassing). Mariana samples are consistent with a global relationship between calc-alkaline affinity and both magmatic H2O and magmatic oxygen fugacity, where wetter, higher oxygen fugacity magmas display greater affinity for calc-alkaline differentiation. We find, however, that low-pressure differentiation cannot explain the majority of variations observed in Fe3+/∑Fe ratios for Mariana arc basalts, requiring primary differences in magmatic oxygen fugacity. Calculated oxygen fugacities of primary mantle melts at the pressures and temperatures of melt segregation are significantly oxidized relative to mid-ocean ridge basalts (∼QFM, where QFM is quartz–fayalite–magnetite buffer), ranging from QFM + 1·0 to QFM + 1·6 for Mariana arc basalts, whereas back-arc related samples record primary oxygen fugacities that range from QFM + 0·1 to QFM + 0·5. This Mariana arc sample suite includes a diversity of subduction influences, from lesser influence of a homogeneous H2O-rich component in the back-arc, to sediment melt- and fluid-dominated influences along the arc. Primary melt oxygen fugacity does not correlate significantly with sediment melt contributions (e.g. Th/La), nor can it be attributed to previous melt extraction in the back-arc. Primary melt oxygen fugacity correlates strongly with indices of slab fluids (e.g. Ba/La) from the Mariana Trough through the Mariana arc, increasing by 1·5 orders of magnitude as Ba/La increases by a factor of 10 relative to mid-ocean ridge basalts. These results suggest that contributions from the slab to the mantle wedge may be responsible for the elevated oxygen fugacity recorded by Mariana arc basalts and that slab fluids are potentially very oxidized

The Genetics of Phenotypic Plasticity in Plant Defense: Trichome Production in Mimulus guttatus

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/651300#fn1.Insect herbivory is a major driving force of plant evolution. Phenotypic plasticity and developmental variation provide a means for plants to cope with variable herbivory. We characterized the genetics of developmental variation and phenotypic plasticity in trichome density, a putative defensive trait of Mimulus guttatus (yellow monkeyflower). Our results are evaluated in relation to the optimal defense theory, which provides testable predictions for plastic and developmental patterns in defense traits. We found that both developmental stage and simulated insect damage affected trichome production, but in different ways. Plants were more likely to produce at least some trichomes on later leaves than on earlier leaves, regardless of damage. Damage did not affect the average probability of producing trichomes, but it did increase the density of hairs on trichome‐positive plants. We mapped trichome quantitative trait loci (QTL) by selectively genotyping a large panel of recombinant inbred lines derived from two highly divergent populations. Several highly pleiotropic QTL influenced multiple aspects of the trichome phenotype (constitutive, developmental, and/or plastic responses). Only one of the QTL influenced trichome induction following damage. In a result that is consistent with a central prediction of optimal defense theory, the high allele at this location was from the ancestral population with low constitutive trichome production

Crit II Electric, Magnetic, and Density Measurements Within an Ionizing Neutral Stream

Measurements from rocket borne sensors inside a high velocity neutral barium beam show a factor of six increasei n plasmad ensityi n a movingi onizingf ront. This region-wacso -locatedw ith intensef luctuatinge lectric fields( $E • 300m V/m) at frequenciewse llu ndert he lower hybrid frequency for a barium plasina. Large quasi-DC electric and magnetic field fluctuations were also detected with a large componento f the current and the electricf ield. parallelt o Bo. An Alfv6n wavew ith a finite electricf ield componentp arallel to the geomagneticfi eld was observed to propagatea longB o, wherei t wasd etectedb y ami nstrumented sub-payload