Stok Karbon Pada Hutan Rawa Di Provinsi Papua Barat

Mengingat begitu pentingnya hutan bagi kehidupan manusia, baik dalam lingkup lokal, nasional maupun konteks global (perubahan iklim) Indonesia berupaya menemukan cara bagaimana menjadikan hutan itu tetap berperan sebagai sumber perekonomian, menyumbang pada perbaikan hidup masyarakat sekitar hutan, terjaga kelestariannya dan berkontribusi pada penurunan emisi gas rumah kaca. Dan alternatifnya adalah dengan menjaga serta memanfaatkan kemampuan hutan dalam menyerap dan menyimpan karbon termasukHutan Rawa, Hutan Rawa adalah hutan yang tumbuh dan berkembang pada kawasan atau wilayah yang selalu tergenang air tawar dan Stok karbon adalah cadangan karbon yang terdapat di alam. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk Menghitung luasan Hutan Rawa di Provinsi Papua Barat, Menghitung jumlah stok karbon Hutan Rawa di Provinsi Papua Barat, Menganalisa berapa potensi emisi yang diakibatkan jika terjadi eksploitasi pada Hutan Rawa, Menghitung berapa nilai ekonomi serapan CO2 pada Hutan Rawa.Considering the importance of forests for human life, both in the local, national and global context (climate change), Indonesia seeks to find ways to make forests continue to play a role as economic resources, contribute to improving the lives of surrounding communities, maintain sustainability and contribute to reducing emissions greenhouse gas. And the alternative is to maintain and utilize the ability of forests to absorb and store carbon, including Swamp Forests, Swamp Forests are forests that grow and develop in areas or areas that are always flooded with fresh water and carbon stocks are carbon stocks found in nature. The purpose of this study was to calculate the swamp forest area in West Papua Province, calculate the amount of carbon stock in swamp forests in West Papua Province, analyze the potential emissions caused by exploitation of swamp forests, calculate the economic value of CO2 uptake in swamp forests

Two new species of the genus Cophixalus from the Raja Ampat Islands west of New Guinea (Amphibia, Anura, Microhylidae)

Based on morphological and bioacoustic traits, two new species of the microhylid genus Cophixalus Boettger, 1892 are described from the Raja Ampat Islands off the western tip of New Guinea. Both are small (SUL < 23 mm), slender, scansorial species that are morphologically most similar to Cophixalus tetzlaffi Günther and C. monosyllabus Günther, two congeners also known only from far western New Guinea. Their description brings the total number of Cophixalus known from New Guinea and surrounding islands to 46, and the total number from western New Guinea (Papua and West Papua Provinces including the Raja Ampat Islands) to 10. One Cophixalus specimen from Salawati Island is considered a hermaphrodite because it has a well-developed vocal sac and vocal slits, but also has an ovary containing eggs in an advanced developmental stage. This frog uttered advertisement calls that did not differ from calls of conspecific males. The first evidence of the genus Cophixalus from Misool Island is also documented

Cyrtodactylus zugi Oliver, Tjaturadi, Krey & Richards, 2008, sp. nov.

Cyrtodactylus zugi sp. nov. Figures 1–3 Holotype: MZB lace 5574 (F-num SJR 7689), adult female with entire original tail, detached at base during collection, collected on large tree trunk in lowland rainforest adjacent to Yakut Camp, Batanta Island, Raja Ampat Archipelago, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia (00o 53.749 ’S, 130 o 38.498 ’E; elevation ~ 10 m asl) on 18 June 2005 by K. Krey, B. Tjaturadi and S. Richards. Paratypes: MZB lace 5575 (F-num SJR 7690) adult female with regrown tail, MZB lace 5573 (F-num 7749) adult female with regrown tail and damaged snout, both specimens with same collection information as the holotype except MZB lace 5573 collected 21 June 0 5. Diagnosis. Cyrtodactulus zugi sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other Melanesian Cyrtodactylus by the combination of large size (SVL up to 159 mm), robust build (HW/SVL 0.21–0.22), precloacal groove absent, subcaudal scales less than twice width of lateral and dorsal caudal scales, relatively small rounded tubercles along the lateral fold, a series of enlarged ventral tubercles present below the lateral fold, enlarged tubercles on ventral surface of head confined to the region around the angle of the lower jaw, moderate number of enlarged precloacal and femoral scales (> 28) arranged in straight or almost straight series, and dorsal colouration consisting of 3–4 very dark greyish-brown indistinct dorsal blotchess between the head and tail. Description of holotype. A large, robust gecko (SVL 159.0 mm), head long (HL/SVL 0.265), wide (HW/ HL 0.744) and very distinct from neck. Skin missing (damaged) in thin triangular section extending from just dorsal of the rostral to halfway up the snout. Loreal region slightly inflated, interorbital region and top of snout concave, canthus rostralis very weakly defined. Snout relatively long, much longer than eye diameter. Eyes relatively large, pupil vertical, supraciliaries prominent and frill like, extending over dorsal half of eye. Ear opening relatively small (Ear/HL= 0.098), much wider than high, surrounded by ventral, posterior and dorsal skinfolds. Rostral approximately twice as wide (7.2 mm) as high (3.8 mm), with slight medial depression, widest at the ventral edge of the nares, indistinct suture extending down left side from midpoint almost to jaw; two enlarged supranasals separated by two nasals, right nasal much larger and bordered dorso-laterally by smaller left nasal. Nares bordered by first supralabial, rostral, first supranasal and series of five (left) and four (right) postnasals. Twelve enlarged supralabials on both right and left side, supralabials roughly square to approximately midpoint of eye, posterior of eye greatly reduced and much higher than long, bordered dorsally by a discontinuous series of enlarged scales (becoming continuous just anterior to the eye). Infralabials reaching rictus, with twelve on each side, fifth infralabial on right side divided by horizontal suture into dorsal and slightly smaller ventral sections, bordered ventrally by several rows of enlarged scales. Mental triangular, much wider than long, flared anteriorly, bordered by two enlarged postmentals twice as long as wide. Enlarged tubercles present on ventral surface of head around the angle of the lower jaw, and in single row extending anteriorly along jawline to approximately level with orbital. Body elongate (TrL/SVL 0.455) with distinct ventrolateral folds. Lateral fold with low rounded tubercles separated from each other by 2–4 granules, posterior tubercles on fold are larger. One row of enlarged tubercles (2–3 times diameter of surrounding scales) positioned ventral to lateral fold. Dorsum heavily tuberculate, relatively large flattened tubercles arranged in approximately twenty indistinct rows at midpoint of body, tubercles on temporal and nuchal regions relatively smaller and tending towards conical. Ventral scales in approximately fifty rows at midpoint, becoming much wider medially; enlarged precloacal and femoral scales in very slightly curved continuous series of 32, extending to halfway along femur, bordered anteriorly by rows of smaller but still enlarged scales, particularly around vent, bordered posteriorly by much smaller granules. Forelimbs (FA/SVL 0.135) and hindlimbs (CS/SVL 0.187) relatively elongate, hindlimbs more robust and slightly longer than forelimbs (CS/FA 1.386). Lateral and dorsal surfaces of limbs heavily tuberculate, tubercles varying significantly in size, becoming more numerous, larger and somewhat more conical distally on forelimbs; evenly distributed on hindlimbs. Digits long and well developed, inflected at basal interphalangeal joints; subdigital lamellae smooth, undivided, expanded proximal to joint inflection; large recurved claws sheathed by a dorsal and ventral scale, 21 lamellae on left finger I, 24 on left finger IV; 22 lamellae on left toe I, 25 on left toe IV. Slight basal webbing on both manus and pes. Tail original but broken at time of collection, narrow, tapering to a point, with distinct lateral fold; caudal scales increasing in size ventrally, divided subcaudal scales distinctly enlarged relative to lateral and dorsal caudal scales. Enlarged tubercles absent on lateral and ventral surfaces of tail; numerous rows of enlarged dorsal tubercles at base of tail reduce to two rows that extend along tail for approximately 30 mm; four (left) and three (right) enlarged postanal tubercles at base of tail. Colouration. Dorsum with three large, dark greyish-brown irregular blotches (including nuchal band) on a background of various shades of light grey, tending to off-white in patches. Dark blotches extend laterally to approximately midpoint of body; further very small and indistinct dark dorsal blotches are barely visible between the two posterior-most large blotches. Nuchal band with almost straight (slightly concave) edge anteriorly (just above ears), extends posteriorly to axilla in a triangular shape and laterally across temporal region to posterior edge of the eyes: ventral edge of nuchal band sharply demarcated against greyish off-white lower lateral colouration of head; dorsal edge of nuchal band sharply demarcated against dorsal surface of head and lores which are light brown finely mottled with darker brown. Labials off-white, with indistinct brown barring. Throat finely mottled with light grey and off-white, venter of torso darker with scattered dark grey spots increasing in frequency posteriorly. Arms and legs mottled dark brown and dark grey dorsally, dark to light grey ventrally. Tail with three very wide dark brown dorsal bands followed by numerous smaller and increasingly broken bands posteriorly; area between dark bands light grey with numerous scattered dark brown spots; ventral surface of tail heavily mottled with numerous shades of grey and brown. MZB MZB MZB Variation. Comparative mensural and meristic data for the holotype and paratypes are given in Table 1. All specimens conform broadly with the description of the holotype. MZB lace 5573 has a large scar on the snout extending from the rostral to between the eyes, and has a largely regrown tail. The regrown section lacks transverse bands, is dark grey with two light grey dorso-lateral stripes and has irregular and relatively small scales. The venter of this specimen is slightly darker and more heavily spotted with dark grey than the holotype, particularly in the gular region. MZB lace 5575 (Fig. 3 A) has a largely regrown tail, has four instead of three large dorsal blotches, has a slightly indented enlarged femoral and precloacal scale series and has more brown pigmentation on the venter, giving an overall impression of being much darker. Colouration in life. Photographs in life of one paratype MZB 5575 show the pattern to be consistent with that retained in preservative. The iris is pale gold tending towards reddish at the centre with sparse dark brown vertical venation and extensive fine, very light brown reticulation. Comparisons. Cyrtodactylus zugi sp. nov. is most similar to the large bodied animals placed in the C. loriae group by Rösler et al. (2007). It can be readily distinguished from C. serratus by the absence of spiniform tubercles along the lateral fold and the tail, and complete absence of lateral tubercles on the tail. It can be distinguished from C. loriae by the presence of enlarged tubercles around the angle of the lower jaw and ventral to the lateral fold (absent in C. loriae) and a straight or almost straight short series of enlarged precloacal and femoral scales, as opposed to V-shaped and much longer (29–34 V 60–80). Cyrtodactylus zugi sp. nov can be distinguished from C. novaeguineae by the absence of enlarged tubercles extending across the ventral surface of the throat (illustrated in Brongersma (1934)).The recently described and geographically proximate species Cyrtodactylus irianjayaensis is most similar to C. zugi sp. nov., but has a shorter series of enlarged precloacal and femoral scales (12–21 vs 29–34), a narrower head (HW/SVL 0.173–0.204 vs 0.210–0.221), lacks mottling on the dorsum of the head and lateral surface of the body, lacks dark speckling on the venter and lacks dark brown labial barring (Rösler et al. 2007, Fig. 3). Cyrtodactylus zugi sp. nov. can be distinguished from similar-sized animals in the C. louisiadensis group (sensu Rösler et al. 2007), C. lousiadensis, C. murua, C. salomonensis, and C. tuberculatus by possessing relatively small (vs wide undivided) subcaudal scales and by the presence of enlarged tubercles below the lateral fold and under the supra-angular edge of the lower jaw. All Melanesian Cyrtodactylus not listed above have a maximum SVL of less than 110 mm, much smaller than Cyrtodactylus zugi sp. nov. The dorsal colouration of three to four dark grey bands (including the nuchal band) exhibited by C. zugi sp. nov. is also different from all of these species; C. aaroni and C. mimikanus have more than eight thin white bands bands on a chocolate brown ground colour; C. derongo has a relatively plain dorsum with small dark spots and white tubercles; C. capreoloides, C. marmoratus, C. papuensis and C. sermowaiensis all have six or more dark dorsal bands or a series of spots on a comparatively light dorsum. Cyrtodactylus zugi sp. nov. can be further distinguished from C. marmoratus and C. papuensis by the absence of a precloacal pit. Distribution and Natural History. The new species is known only from lowland tropical rainforest on Batanta Island (Fig. 4). The habitat at the type locality consisted of selectively logged forest with numerous remaining large old trees, but also with extensive regrowth. Specimens were collected at night from the 0.5–3 m above the ground on large rainforest trees. The holotype and paratype (MZB lace 5575) were both collected at separate times from the same large fig (Ficus) tree on the same night (Fig. 5). Etymology. Named in honour of George Zug from the Smithsonian Institution in recognition of his vast contributions to our knowledge of the systematics and ecology of the herpetofauna of Melanesia and Asia.Published as part of Oliver, Paul, Tjaturadi, Burhan, Krey, Keliopas & Richards, Stephen, 2008, A new species of large Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Melanesia, pp. 59-68 in Zootaxa 1894 on pages 60-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18439

Two new microhylid frog species of the genus Xenorhina Peters, 1863 from the Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia

Two new species of the asterophryine microhylid genus Xenorhina are described from the Raja Ampat archipelago off the western tip of New Guinea. Both are medium-sized (snout-urostyle length 29.9 – 35.2 and 28.5 – 39.5 mm), semi-fossorial frogs that call from hidden positions within the litter or under the soil surface. The two new species are morphologically similar but they have different advertisement calls. Although they are probably closely related, genetic studies are required to confirm this. The first species is known only from Salawati Island, a land-bridge island that was connected to the New Guinea mainland during the last glacial period. The second species is currently known only from Waigeo Island, an oceanic island long isolated from New Guinea that is separated from nearby Salawati by a major biogeographic barrier, the narrow but deep Sagewin Strait. Description of these two species appears to be another example of differentiation across this barrier, and brings the total number of Xenorhina known from New Guinea and surrounding islands to 34

Micropechis ikaheka (Elapidae) in Papua, Indonesia: A study of diet and cannibalism

Snakes are primary predators in many terrestrial, aquatic, and marine communities. As predators, the lives of wild snakes are therefore closely related to feeding ecology. Feeding ecology is related not only to food availability but also to the body sizes of the predators and prey (Cundall and Greene, 2000). Studying the diet of a snake species is critical to our knowledge of the ecology of the snake at individual, population and community levels. Ecological studies of snake diets are also very important for a better understanding of the relationships between snakes and other organisms in the ecosystem (Su et al., 2005)

FIGURE 4 in A new species of large Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Melanesia

FIGURE 4. Known distribution of Cyrtodactylus zugi sp. nov. (circle) and Cyrtodactylus irianjayaensis (triangle) in Papua Barat, Indonesia

On the status and relationships of the gecko species Gehyra barea Kopstein 1926, with description of new specimens and a range extension

Gehyra barea is a poorly known gecko species from the southern Banda Islands, Maluku Province, Indonesia, that has received scant attention since it was described in 1926. A combination of morphological characters distinguish the types of this species from all other described Gehyra, and suggest that it is a distinct taxon. These same morphological characters occur in two recently collected specimens from the Raja Ampat Islands, just off the west coast of New Guinea, that we assign to this species, extending the known range of the taxon by over six hundred kilometres. We provide a revised and extended diagnosis and description of the species based on these new specimens. Morphological and genetic data from these specimens indicate G. barea is closely related to Gehyra baliola from further east in southern New Guinea, and that these species form a clade with Geyhra oceanica. Gehyra is a taxonomically challenging group, and the status of most species from the Melanesian region is in need of review.Paul Oliver, Mark Sistrom, Burhan Tjaturadi, Keliopas Krey & Stephen Richard

Gehyra barea Kopstein 1926

&lt;i&gt;Gehyra barea&lt;/i&gt; Kopstein 1926 &lt;p&gt;Figures 1 A&ndash;D, 2A&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Diagnosis.&lt;/b&gt; Large (SVL 88&ndash;105mm), broad headed (HW/SVL 0.20 (0.23 from Kopstein 1926)) &lt;i&gt;Gehyra&lt;/i&gt; with prominent posterior lateral skin fold on hindlimbs, U-shaped rostral, more than four small granular scales between nasals, distal subdigital lamellae (excluding single small terminal lamellae) on fingers and toes divided and deeply grooved, colouration in life reddish brown with lighter orange lateral and dorsal patches.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Description.&lt;/b&gt; Large &lt;i&gt;Gehyra&lt;/i&gt; (SVL up to 105mm), head robust, not compressed, relatively broad, with prominent enlarged muscles at angle of jaw. Rostral with dorsal concavity containing 1&ndash;2 small granular scales, nasals widely divided by 2&ndash;3 small granular internasals in series, in total between 7&ndash;9 small granular scales in concavity within U shaped rostral-nasal combination. Labials: 11&ndash;12 large supralabials, followed by series of small granular supralabials at rictus, 9&ndash;10 infralabials. Mental pentagonal, contacting first infralabials and first pair of chinshields, 3 pairs of enlarged chinshields, lateralmost pair less than a quarter size of medial pair. Neck only marginally thinner than head, with numerous fleshy folds. Body very robust, wider and deeper than head and neck, lateral fold extending from axilla to groin in life, sometimes apparent or partially apparent in preservative. Adult males with precloacal and femoral pores in continuous curved series of 28&ndash;33, scales around pores with pointed edges, precloacal pore region raised and prominent, scales enlarged; 3&ndash;4 postcloacal spines. Dorsal scales small and heterogeneous, ventral scales flat, imbricate and relatively large.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Limbs plump and fleshy. Subdigital lamellae on fingers and toes deeply indented, first small terminal lamellae undivided, followed by series of divided lamellae, fourth finger with 20&ndash;21 lamellae (8&ndash;11 divided) and fourth toe with 19 lamellae (13 divided). Webbing on hands and feet extending to posterior edge of expanded discs, large claws on all except innermost digits. Original tail thick and fleshy, dorsoventrally flattened, with distinct lateral grooves and single regular row of wide hexagonal subcaudal scales, surrounding scales imbricate and becoming progressively smaller dorsally. Regrown tail much wider than high, dorsal scales small, granular, lateral scales small and pointing backwards, subcaudal scales transversely enlarged, irregularly broken into pairs or trios.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In preservative the types are heavily faded and have lost most original colouration, but RMNH 5093 has light blotches visible in pairs along dorsal midline, on head and on lateral portion of torso. The two recent specimens from Raja Ampats are dark reddish brown on all dorsal surfaces, with scattered slightly lighter blotches just visible, especially on lateral and dorsal surfaces of torso. On recent specimens venter is predominantly light grey, heavily suffused with dark reddish brown, brown pigmentation densest laterally, posterior to precloacal-femoral pore series, on throat, and on underside of digits and tail.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Photographs in life of MZB lace 5364 (Figure 2) show the base colouration of dorsum is much lighter than in preservative, tending more towards red than brown, with numerous white scales in particularly dense patches on neck, head, dorsal surface of body and legs; a series of light terracotta markings in large transverse blotches laterally, smaller blotches in paired series along vertebral line, and forming weak bands on legs and arms. Upper surfaces of digits relatively light compared to remainder of body. Regrown tail same colour as dorsum with very indistinct slightly lighter patches. Eye off-white with extensive brownish reticulation.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Distribution and ecology.&lt;/b&gt; Currently known from the south Banda Sea, from the islands of Teun and Serua, and from Batanta and Salawati in the Raja Ampat Achipelago. The specimens from the Raja Ampats were both collected in moderately disturbed lowland rainforest. Specimen MZB lace 5438 was four metres high on the trunk of a large tree on southern Batanta Island, while MZB lace 5364 was in a Pandanus tree on the northern edge of Salawati Island. &lt;i&gt;Gehyra barea&lt;/i&gt; were not found in or close to local villages and towns, suggesting that, unlike &lt;i&gt;G. mutilata&lt;/i&gt; collected on the same trip, it is not a human commensal. No ecological data accompanied the original description. Both types examined, and the specimens from the Raja Ampats have lost patches of skin on the dorsum and head, a defensive strategy employed by many other &lt;i&gt;Gehyra&lt;/i&gt; species.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Oliver, Paul, Sistrom, Mark, Tjaturadi, Burhan, Krey, Keliopas &amp; Richards, Stephen, 2010, On the status and relationships of the gecko species Gehyra barea Kopstein 1926, with description of new specimens and a range extension, pp. 45-55 in Zootaxa 2354&lt;/i&gt; on pages 49-51, DOI: &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/193557"&gt;10.5281/zenodo.193557&lt;/a&gt

A new species of Litoria (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae) from the foothills of the Foja Mountains, Papua Province, Indonesia

Litoria gasconi sp. nov. is described from low, forest-covered ridges on the southern edge of the Foja Mountains, Papua Province, Indonesia. It is most similar to Litoria multiplica (Tyler, 1964) but can be differentiated from that species and all other described Litoria by a unique combination of characters including moderate size (males 39.3–41.6 SVL), green dorsum with yellow spots in life, relatively large eyes (EYE/SVL 0.12–0.15), dermal ridges below the vent and on the posterior edge of both fore and hindlimbs, complete absence of blue thigh and lateral colouration, and its unique advertisement call consisting of a single soft, distinctly pulsed chirp. New data on the morphology and ecology of the superficially similar and poorly known species Litoria multiplica are also presented. Recent surveys in the Foja Mountains have revealed a diverse frog fauna with numerous unrecognised or poorly known taxa; these ranges are likely to be a previously unrecognised and largely unexplored centre of tropical vertebrate endemism.Stephen J. Richards, Paul M. Oliver, Keliopas Krey & Burhan Tjaturadihttp://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/taxa/Amphibia.htm