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Atmospheric chemistry of C4F9OC2H5 (HFE-7200), C4F9OCH3 (HFE-7100), C3F7OCH3 (HFE-7000) and C3F7CH2OH: temperature dependence of the kinetics of their reactions with OH radicals, atmospheric lifetimes and global warming potentials
The atmospheric chemistry of several gases used in industrial applications, C4F9OC2H5 (HFE-7200), C4F9OCH3 (HFE-7100), C3F7OCH3 (HFE-7000) and C3F7CH2OH, has been studied. The discharge flow technique coupled with mass-spectrometric detection has been used to study the kinetics of their reactions with OH radicals as a function of temperature. The infrared spectra of the compounds have also been measured. The following Arrhenius expressions for the reactions were determined (in units of cm3 molecule-1 s-1): k(OH + HFE-7200) = (6.9+2.3-1.7) × 10-11 exp(-(2030 ± 190)/T); k(OH + HFE-7100) = (2.8+3.2-1.5) × 10-11 exp(-(2200 ± 490)/T); k(OH + HFE-7000) = (2.0+1.2-0.7) × 10-11 exp(-(2130 ± 290)/T); and k(OH + C3F7CH2OH) = (1.4+0.3-0.2) × 10-11 exp(-(1460 ± 120)/T). From the infrared spectra, radiative forcing efficiencies were determined and compared with earlier estimates in the literature. These were combined with the kinetic data to estimate 100-year time horizon global warming potentials relative to CO2 of 69, 337, 499 and 36 for HFE-7200, HFE-7100, HFE-7000 and CF3CF2CF2CH2OH, respectively
AN INTERACTIVE ILLUSTRATION OF FARM PROGRAM PROVISIONS
Explaining the details and the impacts of government program provisions to agricultural producers can be a challenge for extension educators. This paper introduces a visual interactive tool that demonstrates the calculations of government payments established in the 2002 farm bill. Additionally, the paper explains how the tool is created in Microsoft® Excel and may be used in other areas.Agricultural and Food Policy,
APS Neutrino Study: Report of the Neutrino Astrophysics and Cosmology Working Group
In 2002, Ray Davis and Masatoshi Koshiba were awarded the Nobel Prize in
Physics ``for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the
detection of cosmic neutrinos.'' However, while astronomy has undergone a
revolution in understanding by synthesizing data taken at many wavelengths, the
universe has only barely been glimpsed in neutrinos, just the Sun and the
nearby SN 1987A. An entire universe awaits, and since neutrinos can probe
astrophysical objects at densities, energies, and distances that are otherwise
inaccessible, the results are expected to be particularly exciting. Similarly,
the revolution in quantitative cosmology has heightened the need for very
precise tests that depend on the effects of neutrinos, and prominent among them
is the search for the effects of neutrino mass, since neutrinos are a small but
known component of the dark matter. In this report, we highlight some of the
key opportunties for progress in neutrino astrophysics and cosmology, and the
implications for other areas of physics
Diode-Pumped Long-Pulse-Length Ho:Tm:YLiF4 Laser at 10 Hz
An optical efficiency of 0.052 under normal mode operation for diode-pumped Ho:Tm:YLiF4 at a pulse repetition frequency of 10 Hz has been achieved. Laser output energy of 30 mJ in single Q-switched pulses with 600-ns pulse length were obtained for an input energy of 3 J. A diffusion-bonded birefringent laser rod consisting of Ho:Tm-doped and undoped pieces of YLF was utilized for 10-Hz operation
Low-volume high-intensity interval training vs continuous aerobic cycling in patients with chronic heart failure: A pragmatic randomised clinical trial of feasibility and effectiveness
Part of this work has been presented as an oral communication at 8th
World Congress of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention.
Dublin 23-26th May, 2004.Objectives: The health benefits of high-intensity interval
training in cardiac rehabilitation warrant further research.
We compared the effectiveness of low-volume high-intensity
interval training vs continuous aerobic exercise training in
chronic heart failure.
Design/Settings: Unblinded, two arm parallel design with
random assignment to exercise interventions in out-patient
hospital rehabilitation gym.
Methods: Patients with signs of chronic heart failure and
ejection fraction < 45%, (mean age: 59.1 years (standard deviation
(SD) 8.6); 3 women) completed 6 months of exercise
using continuous aerobic exercise training (n = 9) or highintensity
interval training (n = 8). Cardiorespiratory fitness
was determined during cycle ergometry using respiratory
gas exchange analysis. Functional capacity was assessed via
sit-to-stand and gait speed. Quality of life was assessed using
the MOS Short-Form 36 and Minnesota living with heart
failure questionnaires. Cardiac autonomic regulation was
assessed using Heart Rate Variability.
Results: Analysis of Covariance revealed significant time effects
but no group time interactions for exercise and functional
capacity outcomes. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) improved
by a mean of 14.9% (SD 16.3%) from baseline and by
22% (SD 28.3) at ventilatory threshold in both groups. Sitto-
stand (11.9 (SD 11%)) and gait speed (16.0 (SD 19%)) improved
similarly in both groups. No changes in quality of life
or heart rate variability were noted. Training adaptations in
high-intensity interval training were achieved despite a significantly
reduced time commitment and total work volume
compared to continuous aerobic exercise training.
Conclusion: Low-volume high-intensity interval training is a
feasible and well tolerated training modality in cardiac rehabilitation
settings, but is not more effective than continuous
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Cardiopulmonary phenotype associated with human PHD2 mutation.
Oxygen-dependent regulation of the erythropoietin gene is mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family of transcription factors. When oxygen is plentiful, HIF undergoes hydroxylation by a family of oxygen-dependent prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) proteins, promoting its association with the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) ubiquitin E3 ligase and subsequent proteosomal degradation. When oxygen is scarce, the PHD enzymes are inactivated, leading to HIF accumulation and upregulation not only of erythropoietin expression, but also the expression of hundreds of other genes, including those coordinating cardiovascular and ventilatory adaptation to hypoxia. Nevertheless, despite the identification of over 50 mutations in the PHD-HIF-VHL pathway in patients with previously unexplained congenital erythrocytosis, there are very few reports of associated cardiopulmonary abnormalities. We now report exaggerated pulmonary vascular and ventilatory responses to acute hypoxia in a 35-year-old man with erythrocytosis secondary to heterozygous mutation in PHD2, the most abundant of the PHD isoforms. We compare this phenotype with that reported in patients with the archetypal disorder of cellular oxygen sensing, Chuvash polycythemia, and discuss the possible clinical implications of our findings, particularly in the light of the emerging role for small molecule PHD inhibitors in clinical practice
Recommended from our members
Global warming potentials and radiative efficiencies of halocarbons and related compounds: a comprehensive review
In the mid-1970s it was recognized that, as well as being substances that deplete stratospheric ozone, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were strong greenhouse gases that could have substantial impacts on radiative forcing of climate change. Around a decade later, this group of radiatively active compounds was expanded to include a large number of replacements for ozone-depleting substances such as chlorocarbons, hydrochlorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), bromofluorocarbons, and bromochlorofluorocarbons.
This paper systematically reviews the published literature concerning the radiative efficiencies (REs) of CFCs, bromofluorocarbons and bromochlorofluorocarbons (halons), HCFCs, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3, and related halogen containing compounds. In addition we provide a comprehensive and self-consistent set of new calculations of REs and global warming potentials (GWPs) for these compounds, mostly employing atmospheric lifetimes taken from the available literature. We also present Global Temperature change Potentials (GTPs) for selected gases. Infrared absorption spectra used in the RE calculations were taken from databases and individual studies, and from experimental and ab initio computational studies. Evaluations of REs and GWPs are presented for more than 200 compounds. Our calculations yield REs significantly (> 5%) different from those in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) for 49 compounds. We present new RE values for more than 100 gases which were not included in AR4. A widely-used simple method to calculate REs and GWPs from absorption spectra and atmospheric lifetimes is assessed and updated. This is the most comprehensive review of the radiative efficiencies and global warming potentials of halogenated compounds performed to date
Representative Farms Economic Outlook for the January 2005 FAPRI/AFPC Baseline
The farm level economic impacts of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 on representative crop and livestock operations are projected in this report. The analysis was conducted over the 2002-2009 planning horizon using FLIPSIM, AFPC’s whole farm simulation model. Data to simulate farming operations in the nation’s major production regions came from two sources:•Producer panel cooperation to develop economic information to describe and simulate representative crop, livestock, and dairy farms, and•Projected prices, policy variables, and input inflation rates from the Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) January 2005 Baseline. The FLIPSIM policy simulation model incorporates the historical risk faced by farmers for prices and production. This report presents the results of the January 2005 Baseline in a risk context using selected simulated probabilities and ranges for annual net cash farm income values. The probability of a farm experiencing negative ending cash reserves and the probability of a farm losing real net worth are included as indicators of the cash flow and equity risks facing farms through the year 2009.Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Livestock Production/Industries,
Representative Farms Economic Outlook for the August 2005 FAPRI/AFPC Baseline
The farm level economic impacts of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 on representative crop and livestock operations are projected in this report. The analysis was conducted over the 2002-2009 planning horizon using FLIPSIM, AFPC’s whole farm simulation model. Data to simulate farming operations in the nation’s major production regions came from two sources: • Producer panel cooperation to develop economic information to describe and simulate representative crop, livestock, and dairy farms, and • Projected prices, policy variables, and input inflation rates from the Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) August 2005 Baseline. The FLIPSIM policy simulation model incorporates the historical risk faced by farmers for prices and production. This report presents the results of the August 2005 Baseline in a risk context using selected simulated probabilities and ranges for annual net cash farm income values. The probability of a farm experiencing negative ending cash reserves and the probability of a farm losing real net worth are included as indicators of the cash flow and equity risks facing farms through the year 2009.Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Livestock Production/Industries,
HO:LULF and HO:LULF Laser Materials
A laser host material LULF (LuLiF4) is doped with holmium (Ho) and thulium (Tm) to produce a new laser material that is capable of laser light production in the vicinity of 2 microns. The material provides an advantage in efficiency over conventional Ho lasers because the LULF host material allows for decreased threshold and upconversion over such hosts as YAG and YLF. The addition of Tm allows for pumping by commonly available GaAlAs laser diodes. For use with flashlamp pumping, erbium (Er) may be added as an additional dopant. For further upconversion reduction, the Tm can be eliminated and the Ho can be directly pumped
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