Atmospheric chemistry of C4F9OC2H5 (HFE-7200), C4F9OCH3 (HFE-7100), C3F7OCH3 (HFE-7000) and C3F7CH2OH: temperature dependence of the kinetics of their reactions with OH radicals, atmospheric lifetimes and global warming potentials

The atmospheric chemistry of several gases used in industrial applications, C4F9OC2H5 (HFE-7200), C4F9OCH3 (HFE-7100), C3F7OCH3 (HFE-7000) and C3F7CH2OH, has been studied. The discharge flow technique coupled with mass-spectrometric detection has been used to study the kinetics of their reactions with OH radicals as a function of temperature. The infrared spectra of the compounds have also been measured. The following Arrhenius expressions for the reactions were determined (in units of cm3 molecule-1 s-1): k(OH + HFE-7200) = (6.9+2.3-1.7) × 10-11 exp(-(2030 ± 190)/T); k(OH + HFE-7100) = (2.8+3.2-1.5) × 10-11 exp(-(2200 ± 490)/T); k(OH + HFE-7000) = (2.0+1.2-0.7) × 10-11 exp(-(2130 ± 290)/T); and k(OH + C3F7CH2OH) = (1.4+0.3-0.2) × 10-11 exp(-(1460 ± 120)/T). From the infrared spectra, radiative forcing efficiencies were determined and compared with earlier estimates in the literature. These were combined with the kinetic data to estimate 100-year time horizon global warming potentials relative to CO2 of 69, 337, 499 and 36 for HFE-7200, HFE-7100, HFE-7000 and CF3CF2CF2CH2OH, respectively

AN INTERACTIVE ILLUSTRATION OF FARM PROGRAM PROVISIONS

Explaining the details and the impacts of government program provisions to agricultural producers can be a challenge for extension educators. This paper introduces a visual interactive tool that demonstrates the calculations of government payments established in the 2002 farm bill. Additionally, the paper explains how the tool is created in Microsoft® Excel and may be used in other areas.Agricultural and Food Policy,

APS Neutrino Study: Report of the Neutrino Astrophysics and Cosmology Working Group

In 2002, Ray Davis and Masatoshi Koshiba were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics ``for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos.'' However, while astronomy has undergone a revolution in understanding by synthesizing data taken at many wavelengths, the universe has only barely been glimpsed in neutrinos, just the Sun and the nearby SN 1987A. An entire universe awaits, and since neutrinos can probe astrophysical objects at densities, energies, and distances that are otherwise inaccessible, the results are expected to be particularly exciting. Similarly, the revolution in quantitative cosmology has heightened the need for very precise tests that depend on the effects of neutrinos, and prominent among them is the search for the effects of neutrino mass, since neutrinos are a small but known component of the dark matter. In this report, we highlight some of the key opportunties for progress in neutrino astrophysics and cosmology, and the implications for other areas of physics

Low-volume high-intensity interval training vs continuous aerobic cycling in patients with chronic heart failure: A pragmatic randomised clinical trial of feasibility and effectiveness

Part of this work has been presented as an oral communication at 8th World Congress of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention. Dublin 23-26th May, 2004.Objectives: The health benefits of high-intensity interval training in cardiac rehabilitation warrant further research. We compared the effectiveness of low-volume high-intensity interval training vs continuous aerobic exercise training in chronic heart failure. Design/Settings: Unblinded, two arm parallel design with random assignment to exercise interventions in out-patient hospital rehabilitation gym. Methods: Patients with signs of chronic heart failure and ejection fraction < 45%, (mean age: 59.1 years (standard deviation (SD) 8.6); 3 women) completed 6 months of exercise using continuous aerobic exercise training (n = 9) or highintensity interval training (n = 8). Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined during cycle ergometry using respiratory gas exchange analysis. Functional capacity was assessed via sit-to-stand and gait speed. Quality of life was assessed using the MOS Short-Form 36 and Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaires. Cardiac autonomic regulation was assessed using Heart Rate Variability. Results: Analysis of Covariance revealed significant time effects but no group time interactions for exercise and functional capacity outcomes. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) improved by a mean of 14.9% (SD 16.3%) from baseline and by 22% (SD 28.3) at ventilatory threshold in both groups. Sitto- stand (11.9 (SD 11%)) and gait speed (16.0 (SD 19%)) improved similarly in both groups. No changes in quality of life or heart rate variability were noted. Training adaptations in high-intensity interval training were achieved despite a significantly reduced time commitment and total work volume compared to continuous aerobic exercise training. Conclusion: Low-volume high-intensity interval training is a feasible and well tolerated training modality in cardiac rehabilitation settings, but is not more effective than continuous aerobic exercise training.sch_phy1. Piepoli MF, Corr U, Benzer W, Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Dendale P, Gaita D, et al. Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: from knowledge to implementation. A position paper from the cardiac rehabilitation section of the European association of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation. Eur J Cardiov Prev Rehab 2010; 17: 1-17. 2. Mezzani A, Hamm LF, Jones AM, McBride PE, Moholdt T, Stone JA, et al. Aerobic exercise intensity assessment and prescription in cardiac rehabilitation: a joint position statement of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabiliattion and the Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation. J Cardiov Prev Rehab 2012; 32: 327-350. 3. Hwang CL, Wu YT, Chou CH. Effect of aerobic interval training on exercise capacity and metabolic risk factors in people with cardiometabolic disorders. A meta analysis. J Cardiop Rehab Prev 2011; 31: 378-385. 4. Kessler HS, Sisson SB, Short KR. The potential for high intensity interval training to reduce cardiometabolic disease risk. Sports Med 2012; 42: 489-509. 5. Meyer K, Lehmann M, S_nder G, Keul J, Weidemann H. Interval versus continuous exercise training after coronary bypass surgery: A comparison of training induced acute reactions with respect to the effectiveness of the exercise methods. Clin Cardiol 1990; 13: 851-861. 6. Meyer K, Samek L, Schwaibold M, Westbrool S, Hajiric R, Beneke R, et al. Interval training in patients with severe chronic heart failure: analysis and recommendations for exercise procedures. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29: 306-312. 7. Meyer K, Hajric R, Westbrook S, Haak-Wildi S, Holtkamp R, Leyk D, et al. Hemodynamic responses during leg press exercise in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83: 1537-1543. 8. Wislff U, Stylen A, Loennechen JP, Bruvold M, Rognmo , Haram PM, et al. Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients. Circulation 2007; 115: 3086-3094. 9. Nilsson BB, Westheim A, Risberg MA. Effects of group based high intensity aerobic interval training in patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2008; 102: 1361-1365. 10. Gibala MJ, Little JP, MacDonald MJ, Hawley JA. Physiological adaptations to low volume, high intensity interval training in health and disease. J Physiol 2012; 590: 1077-1084. 11. Guiraud T, Juneau M, Nigam A, Gayda M, Meyer P, Mekary S et al. Optimisation of high intensity interval exercise in coronary heart disease. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 108: 733-740. 12. Buchheit M, Simon C, Charloux A, Doutreleau S, Piquard F, Brandenberger G. Heart rate variability and intensity of habitual physical activity in middle aged persons. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 1530-1534. 13. Munk PS, Butt N, Larsen A. High intensity interval exercise training improved heart rate variability in patients following percutaneous coronary intervention for angina pectoris. Int J Cardiol 2010; 145: 312-314. 14. Nolan J, Batin PD, Andrews R, Lindsay SJ, Brooksby P, Mullen M, et al. Prospective Study of Heart Rate Variability and Mortality in chronic heart failure. Circulation 1998; 98: 1510-1516. 15. Davies EJ, Moxham T, Rees K, Singh S, Coats AJ, Ebrahim S et al. Exercise training for systolic heart failure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 2010; 12: 706-715. 16. Rees K, Taylor RRS, Singh S, Coats AJ, Ebrahim S. Exercise based rehabilitation for heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: 2010; (4): CD003331. 17. Mercer TH, Naish PF, Gleeson NP, Wilcock JE, Crawford C. Development of a walking test for the assessment of functional capacity in non-anemic maintenance dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 2023-2026. 18. Ware JE, Kosinski M, Keller SK. SF-36 physical and mental health summary scales: a user's manual. Boston (MA): The Health Institute; 1994. 19. Rector TS, Kubo SH, Cohn JN. Patients' self assessment of their congestive heart failure. Content reliability and validity of a new measure, the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire. Heart Fail 1987; 198-209. 20. Centre for Evaluation and monitor. Web based resource on the internet. Durham University. (cited Jan 2014) Available from: www.cemcentre.org/attachments/EBE/EffectSizeCalculator.xls. 21. Durlak J. How to select, calculate and interpet effect sizes. J Paed Psychol. 2009; 34: 917-928. 22. Rognmo , Hetland E, Helgerud J,Hoff J, Slrdahl SA. High intensity aerobic interval exercise for increasing aerobic capacity in patients with coronary artery disease. J Cardiov Prev Rehabil 2004; 11: 216-222. 23. Moholdt TT, Amusden BH, Rustad LA,Wahba A, Lv KT, Gullikstad LR, et al. Aerobic interval training verus continuous moderate exercise after coronary artery bypass surgery: A randomised study of cardiovascular effects and quality of life. Am Heart J 2009; 158: 1031-1337. 24. Tjnna AE, Lee SJ, Rognmo , Stlen TO, Bye A, Haram PM et al. Aerobic interval training vs continuous moderate exercise as a treatment for the metabolic syndrome. Circulation 2008; 118: 346-354. 25. Munk PS, Staal EM, Butt N, Isaksen K, Larsen AI. High Intensity interval training may reduce in stent restenosis following percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation: A randomised controlled trial evaluating the relationship to endothelial function and inflammation. Am Heart J 2009; 158: 734-741. 26. Aamot I, Forbord SH, Gustad K, Lckra V, Stensen A, Berg AT, et al. Home based versus hospital based high intensity interval training in cardiac rehabilitation: a randomised study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013 Apr 23 27. Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. New Engl J Med 2002; 346: 739-801. 28. Laukkanen JA, Kurl S, Salonen JT, Lakka TA, Rauramaa R. Peak oxygen pulse during exercise as a predictor for coronary heart disease and all cause death. Heart 2006; 92: 1219-1224. 29. Warburton DE, McKenzie DC, Haykowsky MJ, Taylor A, Shoemaker P, Ignaszewski AP et al. Effectiveness of high intensity interval training for the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95: 1080-1084. 30. McKelvie RS, Teo KK, Roberts R, McCartney N, Humen D, Montague T, et al. Effects of exercise training in patients with heart failure: The exercise rehabilitation trial (EXERT). Am Heart J 2002; 144: 23-30. 31. Tyni-Lenn R, Dencker K, Gordon A, Jansson E, Sylvn C. Comprehensive local muscle training increases aerobic capacity and quality of life and decreases neurohormonal activation in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2001; 3: 47-52. 32. Gademan MG, Swenne CA, Verwey HF, van der Laarse A, Maan AC, van de Vooren H, et al. Effect of exercise training on autonomic derangement and neurohumoral activation in chronic heart failure. J Cardiac Fail 2007; 13: 294-303. 33. Selig SE, Carey MF, Menzies DG, Patterson J, Geerling RH, Williams AD, et al. Moderate-Intensity Resistance Exercise Training in patients with chronic heart failure improves strength, endurance, heart rate variability and forearm blood flow. J Card Fail 2004; 10: 21-30. 34. Cider A, Tygesson H, Hedberg M, Seligman L, Wennerblom B, Sunnerhagen KS. Peripheral muscle training in patients with clinical signs of heart failure. Scand J Rehab Med 1997; 29: 121-127. 35. Roche F, Pichot V, Da Costa A, Isaaz K, Costes F, Dall'Acqua T, et al. Chronotropic incompetence response to exercise in congestive heart failure, relationship with the cardiac autonomic status. Clin Physiol 2001; 21: 335-342. 36. Malfatto G, Branzi G, Riva B, Sala L, Leonetti G, Facchini M. . Recovery of cardiac autonomic responsiveness with low physical training in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2002; 4: 159-166. 37. Larsen AI, Gjesdal K, Hall C, Aukrust P, Aarsland T, Dickstein K. Effect of exercise training in patients with heart failure: a pilot study on autonomic balance assessed by heart rate variability. Eur J Cardiov Prev Rehabil 2004; 11: 162-167. 38. Roveda F, Middlekauff HR, Rondon MU, Reis SF, Souza M, Nastari L, et al. The effects of exercise training on sympathetic neural activation in advanced heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 854-860. 39. 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Diode-Pumped Long-Pulse-Length Ho:Tm:YLiF4 Laser at 10 Hz

An optical efficiency of 0.052 under normal mode operation for diode-pumped Ho:Tm:YLiF4 at a pulse repetition frequency of 10 Hz has been achieved. Laser output energy of 30 mJ in single Q-switched pulses with 600-ns pulse length were obtained for an input energy of 3 J. A diffusion-bonded birefringent laser rod consisting of Ho:Tm-doped and undoped pieces of YLF was utilized for 10-Hz operation

Cardiopulmonary phenotype associated with human PHD2 mutation.

Oxygen-dependent regulation of the erythropoietin gene is mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family of transcription factors. When oxygen is plentiful, HIF undergoes hydroxylation by a family of oxygen-dependent prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) proteins, promoting its association with the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) ubiquitin E3 ligase and subsequent proteosomal degradation. When oxygen is scarce, the PHD enzymes are inactivated, leading to HIF accumulation and upregulation not only of erythropoietin expression, but also the expression of hundreds of other genes, including those coordinating cardiovascular and ventilatory adaptation to hypoxia. Nevertheless, despite the identification of over 50 mutations in the PHD-HIF-VHL pathway in patients with previously unexplained congenital erythrocytosis, there are very few reports of associated cardiopulmonary abnormalities. We now report exaggerated pulmonary vascular and ventilatory responses to acute hypoxia in a 35-year-old man with erythrocytosis secondary to heterozygous mutation in PHD2, the most abundant of the PHD isoforms. We compare this phenotype with that reported in patients with the archetypal disorder of cellular oxygen sensing, Chuvash polycythemia, and discuss the possible clinical implications of our findings, particularly in the light of the emerging role for small molecule PHD inhibitors in clinical practice

Global warming potentials and radiative efficiencies of halocarbons and related compounds: a comprehensive review

In the mid-1970s it was recognized that, as well as being substances that deplete stratospheric ozone, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were strong greenhouse gases that could have substantial impacts on radiative forcing of climate change. Around a decade later, this group of radiatively active compounds was expanded to include a large number of replacements for ozone-depleting substances such as chlorocarbons, hydrochlorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), bromofluorocarbons, and bromochlorofluorocarbons. This paper systematically reviews the published literature concerning the radiative efficiencies (REs) of CFCs, bromofluorocarbons and bromochlorofluorocarbons (halons), HCFCs, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3, and related halogen containing compounds. In addition we provide a comprehensive and self-consistent set of new calculations of REs and global warming potentials (GWPs) for these compounds, mostly employing atmospheric lifetimes taken from the available literature. We also present Global Temperature change Potentials (GTPs) for selected gases. Infrared absorption spectra used in the RE calculations were taken from databases and individual studies, and from experimental and ab initio computational studies. Evaluations of REs and GWPs are presented for more than 200 compounds. Our calculations yield REs significantly (> 5%) different from those in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) for 49 compounds. We present new RE values for more than 100 gases which were not included in AR4. A widely-used simple method to calculate REs and GWPs from absorption spectra and atmospheric lifetimes is assessed and updated. This is the most comprehensive review of the radiative efficiencies and global warming potentials of halogenated compounds performed to date

Representative Farms Economic Outlook for the January 2005 FAPRI/AFPC Baseline

The farm level economic impacts of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 on representative crop and livestock operations are projected in this report. The analysis was conducted over the 2002-2009 planning horizon using FLIPSIM, AFPC’s whole farm simulation model. Data to simulate farming operations in the nation’s major production regions came from two sources:•Producer panel cooperation to develop economic information to describe and simulate representative crop, livestock, and dairy farms, and•Projected prices, policy variables, and input inflation rates from the Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) January 2005 Baseline. The FLIPSIM policy simulation model incorporates the historical risk faced by farmers for prices and production. This report presents the results of the January 2005 Baseline in a risk context using selected simulated probabilities and ranges for annual net cash farm income values. The probability of a farm experiencing negative ending cash reserves and the probability of a farm losing real net worth are included as indicators of the cash flow and equity risks facing farms through the year 2009.Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Livestock Production/Industries,

Representative Farms Economic Outlook for the August 2005 FAPRI/AFPC Baseline

The farm level economic impacts of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 on representative crop and livestock operations are projected in this report. The analysis was conducted over the 2002-2009 planning horizon using FLIPSIM, AFPC’s whole farm simulation model. Data to simulate farming operations in the nation’s major production regions came from two sources: • Producer panel cooperation to develop economic information to describe and simulate representative crop, livestock, and dairy farms, and • Projected prices, policy variables, and input inflation rates from the Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) August 2005 Baseline. The FLIPSIM policy simulation model incorporates the historical risk faced by farmers for prices and production. This report presents the results of the August 2005 Baseline in a risk context using selected simulated probabilities and ranges for annual net cash farm income values. The probability of a farm experiencing negative ending cash reserves and the probability of a farm losing real net worth are included as indicators of the cash flow and equity risks facing farms through the year 2009.Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Livestock Production/Industries,

HO:LULF and HO:LULF Laser Materials

A laser host material LULF (LuLiF4) is doped with holmium (Ho) and thulium (Tm) to produce a new laser material that is capable of laser light production in the vicinity of 2 microns. The material provides an advantage in efficiency over conventional Ho lasers because the LULF host material allows for decreased threshold and upconversion over such hosts as YAG and YLF. The addition of Tm allows for pumping by commonly available GaAlAs laser diodes. For use with flashlamp pumping, erbium (Er) may be added as an additional dopant. For further upconversion reduction, the Tm can be eliminated and the Ho can be directly pumped