Influence of Computer Use on Attitudes Toward Computers, Motivation to Study, Empathy, and Creativity Among Japanese First- and Second-Grade Children

This study investigated the changes in attitudes of Japanese first and second grade children who were exposed to microcomputers in school. Eight hundred and three first-and second-grade children were selected from six Japanese public schools. Approximately half of the subjects were selected from urban, suburban, and rural schools using computers, while the remaining subjects were from schools not using computers. The Young Children's Computer Inventory was the instrument used for this study. It was derived from a questionnaire originally developed at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, and contained four subscales: Attitudes Toward Computers, Motivation to Study, Empathy, and Creativity. A Japanese language version of the questionnaire was mailed to the principal of each school, where teachers distributed the questionnaires.for the subjects to complete with their parents at home. Ninety-one percent of the students returned completed questionnaires. Demographic information was also collected for each classroom

Progressing subglottic and tracheobronchial stenosis in a patient with CHARGE syndrome diagnosed in adulthood

AbstractA 33-year-old woman was admitted for a pseudocroup-like cough and wheezing after general anesthesia. Several months ago, she had undergone cardiac re-operation and turbinectomy, both of which had involved difficult intubations. Bronchoscopy indicated a pin-hall-like subglottic stenosis; therefore, emergency tracheotomy was performed. Six years later, a computed tomography scan demonstrated progressive stenosis of the entire circumference of the trachea and main bronchi. She died at 40 years. Her autopsy revealed marked tracheobronchial stenosis. She had many medical histories that had gone undiagnosed and had been clinically ill with only heart defects. She did not have coloboma but had microphthalmos, atresia choanae, retarded growth development, and deafness; thus, we diagnosed CHARGE syndrome that refers to multiple congenital anomalies, including airway abnormalities, which can lead to secondary complications such as traumatic stenosis after intubation. Physicians should have knowledge of this rare disease and should pay special attention to potential airway problems

乳房切断術患者の術後遠隔期におけるQOLに関する研究

根治的乳房切断術を受けた乳癌患者137例について，術後遠隔時のQOLをアンケート調査票を送付して行った．QOLの構成因子を患側上肢の機能障害，Activity　of　Daily　Life（以下ADL），State of　Daily　Life（以下SDL），就労状況，身体的活動意欲，精神的活動意欲，手術満足度，癌再発不安度，ボディ・イメージの変容とした．患側上肢の自覚症状として，腫脹32％，筋力低下25％，疼痛14％，可動域制限14％，知覚異常7％が認められた．ADLを各項目別に検討すると，過半数の例に何らかの支障を認めた．これら機能障害の高度な例では，身体的・精神的活動意欲などの他のQOL因子も有意に不良であった．SDLが術前と不変と回答した例は108例中79％であった．手術不満例は16％であり，上肢の高度機能障害例に多かった．癌再発不安は，65歳以上の高齢者群に比し，65歳未満の若年者群に有意に高く，長期経過例であっても不安は解消されていなかった．乳房喪失というボディ・イメージの変容に対して，大多数の症例がブラジャー，衣服の工夫を行っていた．　以上により種々の程度の上肢の機能障害に対し，各人に適合した補整具の開発やアフタケアを含めた指導や，癌再発不安などに対する継続的な看護が重要であると考えられた．We conducted a questionnaire survey to evaluate the long-term quality of life (QOL) in 137 patients with breast cancer who underwent radical mastectomy. QOL factors consist functional impairment in the upper limb on the affected side, activity of daily life (ADL), state of daily life (SDL), the status of postoperative rehabilitation, mental activities, physical activities, satisfaction of the surgery, anxiety for recurrence of cancer, cosmetic factor (changes in the body image). In the upper limb on the affected side, swelling was observed in 32％, decreased muscle strength in 25％, pain in 14％, limitation in the range of motion in 14％, and sensory impairment in 7％. However, evaluation of the items of the ADL questionnaire revealed specific disturbance in daily life in more than 50％ of respondents. Patients who showed marked functional impairment in this limb had other QOL factors, such as the desire to do mental and physical activiies which were also significantly poor. Of these patients, 108 (79％) replied that state of daily living (SDL) did not change after the survey. Sixteen percent of the patients were not satisfied with the results of their surgery, and they often noted marked functional impairment in the upper limb. Anxiety about recurrence of cancer was more in the middle aged group (65 years or more) than in the aged group (less than 65 old). Anxiety persisted even in patients showing a long survival without regard to aging. Against changes in the body image, ie., loss of the breast, most patients used prosthetic devices in a brassiere and clothes. These results suggested the need to develop prosthetic consultation for each patient, and instruction in post operative care to help prevent functional impairment in the upper limb, continuous nursing intervention to the anxiety about recurrence of cancer might be needed. to various level of the functional impairment in the upper limb

看護基礎教育における心肺蘇生法の習得状況-一次救命処置を中心として-

長崎大学医療技術短期大学部看護学科学生70名を対象に，救急蘇生訓練用人形を用いて，一次救命処置を中心とした心肺蘇生法の学内演習を行った．実技テスト，演習前後の客観テスト，学生の自己評価などをもとに学習効果および今後の課題を検討した．　実技テストでは，チェックリストにそって，各項目ごとに教官が評価した結果，ほとんどの項目で9割以上の学生が合格できた．客観テストでは演習後の平均点は高かったが，知識と技術の統合がされていない項目もあり，指導上の課題と考えられた．また，学生の自己評価では，人工呼吸法が「できなかった」とする学生が多く，気道の確保および維持，また吹き込みもかなり難しい技術であった．一次救命処置は緊急の現場で実践できなければ意昧のない技術であり，反復訓練による習得が必要であると考えられた．Nursing skill training for cardiopulmonary resuscitation as part of the basic life support was conducted in the school using dummies for training emergency resuscitation. This training was participated by 70 students of the Department of Nursing, the School of Allied Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University. The effectiveness of learning and practicing by the students and the problems were analyzed on the basis of their nursing practical test and objective tests before and after the skill exercise. In nursing practical skill test, the instructors evaluated each item on the check list, and more than 90% of the students passed the test for most of the items. In objective test, the average marks after the nursing skill exercise was high. However, knowledge and skill were not integrated in some items, leaving problems for the teaching procedure. In self-evaluation, many students "could not" perform artificial respiration, indicating that keeping airway and mouth-to-mouth ventilation were quite difficult. Basic life support is meaningless if one is unable to perform at an emergency circumstance. Acquisition of the skill by repeated training is considered essential

The effects of chemotherapy-induced alopecic experience on daily living

がん化学療法に伴う脱毛体験が患者の日常生活にもたらす影響について明らかにすることを目的に，１５名の患者に対して自由回答法による半構造化面接を実施した．同意を得て録音した面接内容の逐語録をデータとして，Krippendorff. Kの内容分析の手法を用いて分析を行った．分析の結果，がん化学療法に伴う脱毛体験が患者の日常生活にもたらす影響として，【脱毛した自分に違和感を感じながら人目を気にして生活する】【脱毛に備えて事前に準備する】【脱毛は仕方がないと捉え治療を受けることを優先させる】【予想以上の急速大量脱毛にがんであることの事実を突きつけられる】【時間をかけて脱毛の事実を受け入れ違う捉え方を見出す努力をする】【他者と距離を取りながら生活する】【立場，性差による脱毛の捉え方の違いを実感する】【脱毛した毛髪の処理を気にかけながら生活する】【脱毛のつらい経験から検診の啓蒙活動を行う】の９つが明らかとなった．脱毛に対して事前に十分な準備が行え，自分なりの対処法についてイメージできるよう具体的な情報提供を行うとともに，性差，治療効果や患者の治療への思いなどによって脱毛に対する捉え方はさまざまであることから，看護師はその人自身の脱毛の受け止め方や，脱毛が及ぼす生活への支障について把握し，必要な情報を提供することや患者の思いが表出しやすい環境を整えることが大切である．The present study aimed to clarify the effects of chemotherapy-induced alopecia on the daily lives of cancer patients. Semi-structured interviews comprising free-answer questions based on an interview guide were conducted on １５ cancer patients experiencing chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Analysis revealed the following ９ effects of chemotherapy-induced alopecia on patients’ daily lives : ‘self-consciousness accompanied by feeling strange about oneself due to hair loss’, ‘preparing for hair loss in advance’, ‘prioritizing treatment and perceiving hair loss as inevitable’, ‘come to terms with chemotherapy-induced alopecia gradually, make an effort to find out a different kind of ways for it’, ‘being hit by the reality of cancer due to greater than anticipated rapid loss of large quantities of hair’, ‘intentionally living daily life at a distance from others’, ‘recognizing the situation and the gender-based differences in perception of hair loss’, ‘worrying about disposing of the lost hair’, ‘becoming more informed about medical examinations due to the hard experience of hair loss’. The present findings indicated that chemotherapy-induced alopecia is perceived in various ways depending on gender, treatment effectiveness and patients’ feelings towards treatment. It is important for nurses to understand patients’ individual acceptance of alopecia and related difficulties in daily life while creating an environment that allows patients to express their feelings. Nurses should also provide specific information enabling patients to visualize personal coping techniques and sufficiently prepare for alopecia

p53-mediated activation of the mitochondrial protease HtrA2/Omi prevents cell invasion

Oncogenic Ras induces cell transformation and promotes an invasive phenotype. The tumor suppressor p53 has a suppressive role in Rasdriven invasion. However, its mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we show that p53 induces activation of the mitochondrial protease high-temperature requirement A2 (HtrA2; also known as Omi) and prevents Ras-driven invasion by modulating the actin cytoskeleton. Oncogenic Ras increases accumulation of p53 in the cytoplasm, which promotes the translocation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) into mitochondria and induces phosphorylation of HtrA2/Omi. Concurrently, oncogenic Ras also induces mitochondrial fragmentation, irrespective of p53 expression, causing the release of HtrA2/Omi from mitochondria into the cytosol. Phosphorylated HtrA2/Omi therefore cleaves β-actin and decreases the amount of filamentous actin (F-actin) in the cytosol. This ultimately down-regulates p130 Crk-associated substrate (p130Cas)-mediated lamellipodia formation, countering the invasive phenotype initiated by oncogenic Ras. Our novel findings provide insights into the mechanism by which p53 prevents the malignant progression of transformed cells. © 2014 Yamauchi et al.published_or_final_versio