Parental monitoring and adolescent problem behaviors:How much do we really know?

This article aims to provide a critical analysis of how much we know about the effectiveness of parental monitoring in preventing adolescent delinquency. First, it describes the historical developments in parental monitoring research. Second, it explains why it is uncertain whether causal inferences can be drawn from contemporary research findings on the link of parenting and adolescent problem behaviors. Third, it is empirically demonstrated, using Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Models, how distinguishing between-person and within-person associations may alter or strengthen conclusions regarding the links of parental monitoring and adolescent disclosure with adolescent delinquency. Previously detected correlations between parental monitoring and adolescent delinquency were not present at the within-family level. However, there were significant associations between within-person fluctuations in disclosure and delinquency. Together, these models provide stronger evidence for a potential causal link between disclosure and delinquency, but also suggest that previously detected linkages of parental monitoring and delinquency can be explained by stable between-person differences rather than causal processes operating within families

Экономическое обоснование сущности расходов предприятия

This study examined the development of adolescents' conflict frequency and conflict resolution with their best friends, and tested whether adolescents with different personality types differed in these developmental changes from early to middle adolescence. Dutch adolescents (N = 922, 468 boys; Mage = 12.4 years at first wave) annually filled in questionnaires for five consecutive years. Growth modelling revealed that, whereas adolescents' conflict frequency and hostile conflict resolution did not change, positive problem solving, withdrawal, and compliance during conflict with best friends increased from age 12 to 16 years. Adolescents with different personality types differed in the mean levels of conflict frequency and conflict resolution strategies. That is, resilients had less conflict with friends than undercontrollers and overcontrollers. During conflict, resilients used the least hostile conflict resolution and compliance, and employed the most positive problem solving. Undercontrollers adopted the least positive problem solving, and overcontrollers complied and withdrew the most. Using a person-centred approach, three developmental conflict resolution types were identified based on different constellations of the four conflict resolution strategies over time. Adolescents with different personality types had different distributions on the conflict resolution types

Some socially poor but also some socially rich adolescents feel closer to their friends after using social media

Who benefits most from using social media is an important societal question that is centered around two opposing hypotheses: the rich-get-richer versus the poor-get-richer hypothesis. This study investigated the assumption that both hypotheses may be true, but only for some socially rich and some socially poor adolescents and across different time intervals. We employed a state-of-the-art measurement burst design, consisting of a three-week experience sampling study and seven biweekly follow-up surveys. Person-specific analyses of more than 70,000 observations from 383 adolescents revealed that 12% of the socially rich adolescents (high in friendship support or low in loneliness) felt closer to their friends after using social media, as opposed to about 25% of the socially poor adolescents (low in friendship support or high in loneliness). However, only 1 to 6% of all adolescents (socially rich and poor) felt closer both in the short- and longer-term. These results indicate that the rich-get-richer and the poor-get-richer hypotheses can hold both, but for different adolescents

Social Media Browsing and Adolescent Well-Being: Challenging the “Passive Social Media Use Hypothesis”

A recurring hypothesis in the literature is that "passive" social media use (browsing) leads to negative effects on well-being. This preregistered study investigated a rival hypothesis, which states that the effects of browsing on well-being depend on person-specific susceptibilities to envy, inspiration, and enjoyment. We conducted a three-week experience sampling study among 353 adolescents (13-15 years, 126 assessments per adolescent). Using an advanced N = 1 method of analysis, we found sizeable heterogeneity in the associations of browsing with envy, inspiration, and enjoyment (e.g., for envy ranging from β = -.44 to ß = +.71). The Passive Social Media Use Hypothesis was confirmed for 20% of adolescents and rejected for 80%. More adolescents with browsing-induced envy experienced negative effects on affective well-being (25%) than adolescents with no browsing-induced envy (13%). Conversely, more adolescents with browsing-induced enjoyment experienced positive effects on affective well-being (47%) than adolescents with no browsing-induced enjoyment (9%). Lay summary: 'A recurrent question among academics is whether social media browsing negatively affects teens' well-being. Some scholars believe that this browsing can lead to envy and declines in well-being. Others think that it can also lead to inspiration and enjoyment, and to increases in well-being. To investigate which scholars are right, we asked 353 teens to report six times a day for a period of three weeks how often they had browsed Instagram and Snapchat in the past hour. Furthermore, we asked them how much envy, inspiration, and enjoyment they had experienced in that hour, and how well they felt at that moment. We found sizeable differences among teens in the effects of browsing on well-being at that moment. While one group of teens (20%) felt worse after browsing, another group (17%) felt better. More teens who had felt envy while browsing, experienced negative effects on well-being than teens who did not feel such envy while browsing. Conversely, more teens who had felt enjoyment while browsing, experienced positive effects on well-being than teens who had not felt such enjoyment

Latent Markov latent trait analysis for exploring measurement model changes in intensive longitudinal data

Drawing inferences about dynamics of psychological constructs from intensive longitudinal data requires the measurement model (MM)-indicating how items relate to constructs-to be invariant across subjects and time-points. When assessing subjects in their daily life, however, there may be multiple MMs, for instance, because subjects differ in their item interpretation or because the response style of (some) subjects changes over time. The recently proposed "latent Markov factor analysis" (LMFA) evaluates (violations of) measurement invariance by classifying observations into latent "states" according to the MM underlying these observations such that MMs differ between states but are invariant within one state. However, LMFA is limited to normally distributed continuous data and estimates may be inaccurate when applying the method to ordinal data (e.g., from Likert items) with skewed responses or few response categories. To enable researchers and health professionals with ordinal data to evaluate measurement invariance, we present "latent Markov latent trait analysis" (LMLTA), which builds upon LMFA but treats responses as ordinal. Our application shows differences in MMs of adolescents' affective well-being in different social contexts, highlighting the importance of studying measurement invariance for drawing accurate inferences for psychological science and practice and for further understanding dynamics of psychological constructs