FORMATION OF VANILLIN AND SYRINGALDEHYDE IN AN OXYGEN DELIGNIFICATION PROCESS

The formation of vanillin and syringaldehyde during an oxygen delignification process was evaluated. The cleavage of conjugated Cα-Cβ bonds in phenolic lignin caused by the attack of oxygen leads to the formation of aromatic aldehydes and ketones. The formation mechanism was confirmed by the organic compounds identified in the spent liquor by GC/MS. Additionally, the formation of aromatic aldehydes and ketones of hardwood, softwood, and grass was investigated. The results showed that the formed aromatic aldehydes and ketones were related to the units of lignin structure. Among the aromatic aldehydes and ketones present in the spent liquor from oxygen delignification, vanillin and syringaldehyde are of high content, making the spent liquor a potential resource for vanillin and syringaldehyde production

To Study Effects of Using Human Presenter in Product Image: Applying an Eye-tracker VS Facial Expression Translation

Eye tracking is the process of measuring either the point of gaze or the motion of an eye relative to the head. An eye tracker is a device for measuring eye positions and eye movement. Eye trackers are used in research on the visual system, in psychology, in psycholinguistics, marketing, as an input device for human-computer interaction, and in product design. Previous study applies an eye-tracker to investigate effects of using human presenter in product images and conclude that eye-tracker data can be used for eye-gaze data collection and analyzed for further statistical conclusion [8]. The result indicates that product image with positive emotion female presenter gets the highest fixation duration, however, not significantly higher than fixation duration of other types of product images. However, Eye tracking by professional eye-tracker is not an affordable research method for most researches. Facial expression translation is a new function comes from “Youdao translate officer” which can be downloaded from apple APP store for free; It can indicate human facial expression in eight dimensions (i.e., happiness, angry, fear, contempt, disgust, calm, surprise, sad) with values. We are proposed to use this free technical to investigate effects of using human present in product images and compare the results with studies applies eye-tracker previously. A fresh accepted research method could be discovered by this study, and give an optional research mothed in relative field

Smart Manufacturing Capability Maturity Model: Connotation, Feature And Trend

In March 2015, the Chinese government unveiled InternetPlus, an action plan expected to push forward the Chinese economy. The plan aims to integrate mobile Internet, cloud computing, big data, and the Internet of Things (IoT) with traditional industries to promote economic restructuring, improve people’s livelihoods, and even transform government and enterprises functions. However for the enterprises, how to evaluate the capability is still an unsolved issue. In this study, considering capability maturity theory and model existed, we summarized the concepts of smart manufacturing and relative research field, combined with the development trend of smart manufacturing and characteristics of the enterprise\u27s competition, a smart manufacturing capability maturity initial model with five levels and seven dimensions was defined. With this model, the connotation of smart manufacturing capability was unveiled and the model also provides reference for enterprises to assess and improve smart manufacturing capability

Adsorption–desorption behavior of malachite green by potassium permanganate pre-oxidation polyvinyl chloride microplastics

Microplastics (MPs) and the typical hydrophilic organic pollutant Malachite green (MG) are frequently detected in sewage treatment plants. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) pre-oxidation is an economical and effective technology in wastewater treatment. It is important to study the surface physicochemical characteristics of MPs and understand their fate in wastewater treatment plants after pre-oxidation. In this study, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) MPs were treated by single and composite KMnO4 pre-oxidation with different pH values. After the pre-oxidation treatment, the appearance of Osingle bondMn spectra and surface nanoparticles indicated the oxides (MnO2) were produced on the MPs surface. Moreover, the adhesion of MnO2 is helpful to improve the hydrophilicity and adsorption capacity of MG. The adsorption capacity of pristine PVC for MG was 2.6 mg/g. But the adsorption capacity increased to 7.0 mg/g for single oxidation and 140.7 mg/g for composite oxidation, respectively. The desorption experiment results indicate the pre-oxidation process could reduce the release efficiency of MG from the PVC MPs due to the better binding of surface MnO2 nanoparticles to MG. However, the total desorption capacity is still high. which illustrates that there is a high potential risk of MG which can transfer from the surface of the PVC MPs to the gastrointestinal fluids.publishedVersio

Desorption of sulfamethoxazole from polyamide 6 microplastics: Environmental factors, simulated gastrointestinal fluids, and desorption mechanisms

Microplastics (MPs) can enrich pollutants after being released into the environment, and the contaminants-loaded MPs are usually ingested by organisms, resulting in a potential dual biotoxic effect. In this paper, the adsorption behavior of Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) on Polyamide 6 (PA6) MPs was systematically investigated and simulated by the kinetic and isotherm models. The effect of environmental conditions (pH, salinity) on the adsorption process was studied, and the desorption behavior of SMX-loaded PA6 MPs was focused on simulating the seawater, ultrapure water, gastric and intestinal fluids. We found that lower pH and solubilization of SMX by gastrointestinal components (bovine serum albumin (BSA), sodium taurocholate (NaT), and pepsin) can reduce the electrostatic interaction between the surface charge of PA6 MPs and SMX. The result will lead to an increase in the desorption capacity of SMX-loaded PA6 MPs in gastrointestinal fluids and therefore will provide a reasonable mechanism for the desorption of SMX-loaded PA6 MPs in the gastrointestinal fluids. This study will provide a theoretical reference for studying the desorption behavior of SMX-loaded PA6 MPs under gastrointestinal conditions.publishedVersio

The Composition, Diversity and Predictive Metabolic Profiles of Bacteria Associated With the Gut Digesta of Five Sea Urchins in Luhuitou Fringing Reef (Northern South China Sea)

Sea urchins strongly affect reef ecology, and the bacteria associated with their gut digesta have not been well studied in coral reefs. In the current study, we analyze the bacterial composition of five sea urchin species collected from Luhuitou fringing reef, namely Stomopneustes variolaris, Diadema setosum, Echinothrix calamaris, Diadema savignyi, and Tripneustes gratilla, using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene-based pyrosequencing. Propionigenium, Prolixibacter, and Photobacterium were found to be the dominant bacterial genera in all five species. Interestingly, four sea urchin species, including S. variolaris, D. setosum, E. calamaris, and D. savignyi, displayed a higher mean total abundance of the three bacterial genera (69.72 ± 6.49%) than T. gratilla (43.37 ± 13.47%). Diversity analysis indicated that the gut digesta of sea urchin T. gratilla displayed a higher bacterial α-diversity compared with the other four species. PCoA showed that the four groups representing D. setosum, D. savignyi, E. calamaris, and S. variolaris were overlapping, but distant from the group representing T. gratilla. Predictive metagenomics performed by PICRUSt revealed that the abundances of genes involved in amino acid metabolism and metabolism of terpenoid and polyketide were higher in T. gratilla, while those involved in carbohydrate metabolism were higher in the other four sea urchin species. Therefore, our results indicated that the composition, diversity and predictive metabolic profiles of bacteria associated with the gut digesta of T. gratilla were significantly different from those of the other four sea urchin species in Luhuitou fringing reef

Saltier sea surface water conditions recorded by multiple mid-Holocene corals in the northern South China Sea

The typical features of the mid-Holocene can be used to better understand present-day climate conditions and the potential trends of future climate change. The surface conditions, including sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS), of the South China Sea (SCS) are largely controlled by the East Asian monsoon system. Surface water conditions reconstructed from coral proxies can be used to study the evolution of the East Asian monsoon during the mid-Holocene. However, there are some discrepancies among existing coral-based studies regarding whether the mid-Holocene sea surface water was much saltier than the present day surface waters. Based on paired Sr/Ca and δO of modern and three fossil corals, this paper reconstructs the patterns of seasonal variation in SSS during the mid-Holocene in the northern SCS. The ΔδO records (a proxy for SSS) derived from the three fossil corals were all heavier than that from the modern coral, which suggests the presence of more saline surface waters during the mid-Holocene in the northern SCS. These results are consistent with previous studies based on records reconstructed from coral and foraminifera, as well as from numerical simulations. Reduced rainfall caused by the strengthened Asian Monsoon and/or the northward shift of the intertropical convergence zone during the mid-Holocene would explain the increased salinity of the surface waters of the northern SCS. The findings presented here clarify the discrepancies among previous studies and confirm the existence of saltier surface waters in the northern SCS during the mid-Holocene

Past 140-year environmental record in the northern South China Sea: Evidence from coral skeletal trace metal variations

About 140-year changes in the trace metals in Porites coral samples from two locations in the northern South China Sea were investigated. Results of PCA analyses suggest that near the coast, terrestrial input impacted behavior of trace metals by 28.4%, impact of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) was 19.0%, contribution of war and infrastructure were 14.4% and 15.6% respectively. But for a location in the open sea, contribution of War and SST reached 33.2% and 16.5%, while activities of infrastructure and guano exploration reached 13.2% and 14.7%. While the spatiotemporal change model of Cu, Cd and Pb in seawater of the north area of South China Sea during 1986-1997 were reconstructed. It was found that in the sea area Cu and Cd contaminations were distributed near the coast while areas around Sanya, Hainan had high Pb levels because of the well-developed tourism related activities. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved