439 research outputs found
Transformative Role of Epigenetics in Child Development Research: Commentary on the Special Section
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/116923/1/cdev12488.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/116923/2/cdev12488_am.pd
Trajectories of educational aspirations through high school and beyond: A gendered phenomenon?
Growth curve modeling was utilized to examine change in the educational aspirations of adolescents from early high school through to three years beyond high school, as a function of gender and other adolescent characteristics. Significant gender effects were found for level of education aspired to, rate of growth, and degree of acceleration: boysâ aspirations were lower in early high school, accelerated at a faster pace to peak above girlsâ aspirations by the end of high school, and dropped more steeply so that, by the post-high school period, educational aspirations were equivalent across genders. Gender also interacted with Grade 9 achievement in determining educational trajectories. Finally, the perception that one faces barriers in educational attainment was found to significantly influence rate of growth and acceleration, indicating that change in aspirations over time differs between people who see barriers to their education and people who do not, independently of gender. Implications of these results for promoting studentsâ educational aspirations are discussed.Keywords: Gender, high school, educational aspirationsLa modĂ©lisation des courbes de croissance a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e pour examiner les changements dans les ambitions scolaires des adolescents Ă l'Ă©cole secondaire et jusqu'Ă trois ans au-delĂ de l'Ă©cole secondaire, en fonction du sexe et d'autres caractĂ©ristiques des adolescents. D'importantes diffĂ©rences selon le sexe ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es concernant le niveau d'Ă©ducation auquel les adolescents aspiraient, le taux de croissance, et le degrĂ© d'accĂ©lĂ©ration: la courbe reprĂ©sentant les ambitions des garçons Ă©tait plus basse au dĂ©but de l'Ă©cole secondaire, augmentait ensuite Ă un rythme plus rapide jusqu'Ă atteindre un pic au-dessus de la courbe des filles pour la pĂ©riode de la fin de l'Ă©cole secondaire, et chutait enfin plus fortement de telle sorte que les deux courbes se retrouvaient au mĂȘme niveau dans la pĂ©riode post-secondaire. Le genre a Ă©galement interagi avec la rĂ©ussite en neuviĂšme annĂ©e en dĂ©terminant des trajectoires Ă©ducatives. Enfin, la perception d'ĂȘtre confrontĂ© Ă des barriĂšres entravant la rĂ©ussite scolaire s'est rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©e ĂȘtre un facteur qui influence de maniĂšre significative le taux de croissance et d'accĂ©lĂ©ration, ce qui indique que le changement dans les ambitions scolaires au fil du temps diffĂšre entre ceux qui perçoivent des obstacles au cours de leur scolaritĂ© et ceux qui n'en perçoivent pas, indĂ©pendamment de leur sexe. Les implications de ces rĂ©sultats pour promouvoir les ambitions scolaires des Ă©lĂšves sont discutĂ©es.Mots-clĂ©s: Genre, Ă©cole secondaire, aspirations scolaire
An Intensity Mapping Detection of Aggregate CO Line Emission at 3 mm
We present a detection of molecular gas emission at using the
technique of line intensity mapping. We make use of a pair of 3 mm
interferometric data sets, the first from the ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the
Hubble Ultra Deep Field (ASPECS), and the second from a series of Atacama
Compact Array (ACA) observations conducted between 2016 and 2018, targeting the
COSMOS field. At 100 GHz, we measure non-zero power at 97.8% and 99.9%
confidence in the ACA and ALMA data sets, respectively. In the joint result, we
reject the zero-power hypothesis at 99.99% confidence, finding
.
After accounting for sample variance effects, the estimated spectral shot power
is $\tilde{I}^{2}_{s}(\nu)=1010_{-390}^{+550}\ \mu\textrm{K}^2\ \textrm{Hz}\
\textrm{sr}120_{-40}^{+80}\ \mu\textrm{K}^2\ h^{-3}\,\textrm{Mpc}^{3}200^{+120}_{-70}\ \mu\textrm{K}^2\ h^{-3}\,\textrm{Mpc}^{3}90^{+70}_{-40}\ \mu\textrm{K}^2\ h^{-3}\,\textrm{Mpc}^{3}z=1.3z=2.5z=3.6\alpha_{\rm CO}=3.6\ M_{\odot}\ (\textrm{K}\ \textrm{km}\ \textrm{s}^{-1}\
\textrm{pc}^{2})^{-1}\rho_{\textrm{H}_2}(z)\sim 10^{8}\ M_{\odot}\ \textrm{Mpc}^{-3}z=1-3$.Comment: 25 pages, 12 figures, 6 tables, 2 appendices. Accepted for
publication in Ap
Conserved ZZ/ZW Sex Chromosomes in Caribbean Croaking Geckos (\u3cem\u3eAristelliger\u3c/em\u3e: Sphaerodactylidae)
Current understanding of sex chromosome evolution is largely dependent on species with highly degenerated, heteromorphic sex chromosomes, but by studying species with recently evolved or morphologically indistinct sex chromosomes we can greatly increase our understanding of sex chromosome origins, degeneration and turnover. Here, we examine sex chromosome evolution and stability in the gecko genus Aristelliger. We used RADseq to identify sexâspecific markers and show that four Aristelliger species, spanning the phylogenetic breadth of the genus, share a conserved ZZ/ZW system syntenic with avian chromosome 2. These conserved sex chromosomes contrast with many other gecko sex chromosome systems by showing a degree of stability among a group known for its dynamic sexâdetermining mechanisms. Cytogenetic data from A. expectatus revealed homomorphic sex chromosomes with an accumulation of repetitive elements on the W chromosome. Taken together, the large number of femaleâspecific A. praesignis RAD markers and the accumulation of repetitive DNA on the A. expectatus W karyotype suggest that the Z and W chromosomes are highly differentiated despite their overall morphological similarity. We discuss this paradoxical situation and suggest that it may, in fact, be common in many animal species
DACOTA: The dense array for cosmological transitions
The Epoch of Reionization (EoR) heralded the advent of the Universe we recognize today, containing stars, galaxies and super-massive black holes. A number of experiments to detect the red-shifted hydrogen signature of the atomic component of the intergalactic medium (IGM) are on-going (e.g. PAPER, MWA, LOFAR). Due to the faintness of the signal, the bright foregrounds, and the challenge of instrumental systematics, multiple techniques are essential to create a more robust detection and to provide the complete picture on the evolution of early galaxies
Differential antitumor immunity mediated by NKT cell subsets in vivo
We showed previously that NKT cellâdeficient TCR Jα18(â/â) mice are more susceptible to methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced sarcomas, and that normal tumor surveillance can be restored by adoptive transfer of WT liver-derived NKT cells. Liver-derived NKT cells were used in these studies because of their relative abundance in this organ, and it was assumed that they were representative of NKT cells from other sites. We compared NKT cells from liver, thymus, and spleen for their ability to mediate rejection of the sarcoma cell line (MCA-1) in vivo, and found that this was a specialized function of liver-derived NKT cells. Furthermore, when CD4(+) and CD4(â) liver-derived NKT cells were administered separately, MCA-1 rejection was mediated primarily by the CD4(â) fraction. Very similar results were achieved using the B16F10 melanoma metastasis model, which requires NKT cell stimulation with α-galactosylceramide. The impaired ability of thymus-derived NKT cells was due, in part, to their production of IL-4, because tumor immunity was clearly enhanced after transfer of IL-4âdeficient thymus-derived NKT cells. This is the first study to demonstrate the existence of functionally distinct NKT cell subsets in vivo and may shed light on the long-appreciated paradox that NKT cells function as immunosuppressive cells in some disease models, whereas they promote cell-mediated immunity in others
All-sky convolution for polarimetry experiments
We discuss all-sky convolution of the instrument beam with the sky signal in
polarimetry experiments, such as the Planck mission which will map the
temperature anisotropy and polarization of the cosmic microwave background
(CMB). To account properly for stray light (from e.g. the galaxy, sun, and
planets) in the far side-lobes of such an experiment, it is necessary to
perform the beam convolution over the full sky. We discuss this process in
multipole space for an arbitrary beam response, fully including the effects of
beam asymmetry and cross-polarization. The form of the convolution in multipole
space is such that the Wandelt-Gorski fast technique for all-sky convolution of
scalar signals (e.g. temperature) can be applied with little modification. We
further show that for the special case of a pure co-polarized, axisymmetric
beam the effect of the convolution can be described by spin-weighted window
functions. In the limits of a small angle beam and large Legendre multipoles,
the spin-weight 2 window function for the linear polarization reduces to the
usual scalar window function used in previous analyses of beam effects in CMB
polarimetry experiments. While we focus on the example of polarimetry
experiments in the context of CMB studies, we emphasise that the formalism we
develop is applicable to anisotropic filtering of arbitrary tensor fields on
the sphere.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure; Minor changes to match version accepted by Phys.
Rev.
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