Oseltamivir (Tamiflu®)-induced pneumonia

SummaryWe report the first case of oseltamivir-induced pneumonia. A 50-year-old man was diagnosed with influenza and prescribed oseltamivir. He had a persistent high fever, and developed a productive cough with peripheral blood eosinophilia and his chest radiograph showed ground glass opacity. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and histological findings obtained from transbronchial lung biopsy suggested eosinophilic pneumonia with component of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Drug lymphocyte stimulation test against oseltamivir was positive. In spite of discontinuation of oseltamivir, his condition did not ameliorate. He was treated with prednisolone for oseltamivir-induced lung injury and the symptoms improved immediately. We should recognize oseltamivir-induced pneumonia as a differential diagnosis in the case of developing pneumonia following treatment with oseltamivir

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu®)-induced pneumonia

SummaryWe report the first case of oseltamivir-induced pneumonia. A 50-year-old man was diagnosed with influenza and prescribed oseltamivir. He had a persistent high fever, and developed a productive cough with peripheral blood eosinophilia and his chest radiograph showed ground glass opacity. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and histological findings obtained from transbronchial lung biopsy suggested eosinophilic pneumonia with component of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Drug lymphocyte stimulation test against oseltamivir was positive. In spite of discontinuation of oseltamivir, his condition did not ameliorate. He was treated with prednisolone for oseltamivir-induced lung injury and the symptoms improved immediately. We should recognize oseltamivir-induced pneumonia as a differential diagnosis in the case of developing pneumonia following treatment with oseltamivir

中国語を第一言語とする日本語学習者の同形語の認知処理 : 同形類義語と同形異義語を対象に

国際交流基金麗澤大学東京大学Japan FoundationReitaku UniversityThe University of Tokyo日中同形語には,中国語と日本語とで意味の一部が異なる類義語(以下,O語)や,意味が完全に異なる異義語(以下,D語)等がある。本研究は中国語を第一言語とする日本語学習者(以下,CNS)のO語やD語の認知処理過程が,日本語習熟度の向上に伴って,どのように変化するかを検討した。実験では,O語とD語を用いて,中国語義で解釈すると意味が通るが,日本語では非文となるような文(*パソコンに文字を輸入する)を作成し,CNS(n=50)を対象に文正誤判断課題を行った。その結果,(1)日本語習熟度に関わらず,反応時間は長く,誤答率も高い,(2) O語よりD語の方が判断が迅速である,ということが分かった。このことから,CNSは(1)日本語習熟度が高くなっても,O語やD語の同形語の認知処理の過程で,日本語義の活性化が効率的ではないこと,(2)共有義のあるO語の方が認知処理が困難であることが示唆された。The present study investigated whether Chinese speakers learning Japanese activate Japanese semantic information in processing lexical homographs which are orthographically identical, but not semantically, between Japanese and Chinese languages. The Chinese university students learning Japanese as an L2 (n=50) participated in the experiments. The task was to judge whether the presented Japanese sentences were semantically correct, in which homographs of two types were embedded: O- and D-types. O-type homographs exhibit semantic overlap as well as discrepancy between two languages, while D-type homographs share no meaning. The data showed that: (1) Regardless of Japanese proficiency, participants had difficulties in performing the task rapidly and correctly; and (2) D-type homographs were more accurately responded to than O-type ones. These results indicate that; (1) Japanese orthography does not efficiently activate Japanese semantic information even for people with higher Japanese proficiency; and (2) O-type homographs are cognitively more demanding than D-type ones

第一言語と第二言語における正書法深度の相違が第二言語としての日本語の単語認知と文章理解に及ぼす影響

　世界の文字体系は表音文字と表語文字に大別できる。文字と音の対応関係の規則性の程度は正書法深度と呼ばれ、表音文字のように、書記素・音素対応規則に基づく文字は「正書法深度が浅い」、表語文字のように、文字と音との結びつきの規則性が弱い文字は「正書法深度が深い」と称される。正書法深度は、第一言語(L1)の単語認知処理の方略を方向付け、第二言語(L2)にも転移することが、先行研究により示唆されており、例えば、中国語をL1とする日本語学習者(中国語L1学習者)と英語をL1とする日本語学習者(英語L1学習者)とでは、異なる処理方略を用いて、日本語を認知している可能性が示されている。しかし、先行研究はL2の言語習熟度を考慮していないため、L2の認知方略が言語習熟度と共に、どのように変容するのか、不明である。また、L1話者の認知処理を実証していないため、L2学習者の認知方略に関する実験結果を正しく評価することが難しい。そこで、本研究ではKoda(1987)に倣い、文章理解の実験を行い、日本語母語話者、上級レベルの中国語L1学習者、および上級レベルの英語L1学習者の日本語の認知方略を比較した。その結果、3グループ間で顕著な相違は認められなかった。この結果から、L2の認知方略は必ずしもL1からの転移によるとは言えず、L2習得過程において、より適した方略が獲得されていく可能性が示唆された。　In terms of orthographic system, languages of the world are broadly classified into phonograph and logograph. The phonograph is a sound-based script, which is called" shallow orthography", and the logograph is meaning-based script, called" deep orthography". Although several prior studies showed that the cognitive strategies in the word recognition in L1 are transferred to L2, little is known about the relationship between the orthographic depth and the cognitive strategies in L1. In this study, the difference of the cognitive strategies between the native speakers and the non-native speakers of Japanese are investigated The non-native speakers are the Chinese (deep orthography)-native sperkers and the English (shallow orthography)-native speakers learning Japanese. The results of the experiments showed that the difference of L 1 orthographic system did not necessarily influence L2 word recognition. This result suggests that the cognitive strategies in the L2 word recognition are established and transformed in the process of L2 acquisition

NELFCD and CTSZ loci are associated with jaundice-stage progression in primary biliary cholangitis in the Japanese population

Approximately 10–20% of patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) progress to jaundice stage regardless of treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid and bezafibrate. In this study, we performed a GWAS and a replication study to identify genetic variants associated with jaundice-stage progression in PBC using a total of 1, 375 patients (1, 202 early-stage and 173 jaundice-stage) in a Japanese population. SNP rs13720, which is located in the 3′UTR of cathepsin Z (CTSZ), showed the strongest association (odds ratio [OR] = 2.15, P = 7.62 × 10⁻⁷) with progression to jaundice stage in GWAS. High-density association mapping at the CTSZ and negative elongation factor complex member C/D (NELFCD) loci, which are located within a strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) block, revealed that an intronic SNP of CTSZ, rs163800, was significantly associated with jaundice-stage progression (OR = 2.16, P = 8.57 × 10⁻⁸). In addition, eQTL analysis and in silico functional analysis indicated that genotypes of rs163800 or variants in strong LD with rs163800 influence expression levels of both NELFCD and CTSZ mRNA. The present novel findings will contribute to dissect the mechanism of PBC progression and also to facilitate the development of therapies for PBC patients who are resistant to current therapies

POGLUT1, the putative effector gene driven by rs2293370 in primary biliary cholangitis susceptibility locus chromosome 3q13.33

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic and cholestatic autoimmune liver disease caused by the destruction of intrahepatic small bile ducts. Our previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified six susceptibility loci for PBC. Here, in order to further elucidate the genetic architecture of PBC, a GWAS was performed on an additional independent sample set, then a genome-wide meta-analysis with our previous GWAS was performed based on a whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) imputation analysis of a total of 4, 045 Japanese individuals (2, 060 cases and 1, 985 healthy controls). A susceptibility locus on chromosome 3q13.33 (including ARHGAP31, TMEM39A, POGLUT1, TIMMDC1, and CD80) was previously identified both in the European and Chinese populations and was replicated in the Japanese population (OR = 0.7241, P = 3.5 × 10⁻⁹). Subsequent in silico and in vitro functional analyses identified rs2293370, previously reported as the top-hit SNP in this locus in the European population, as the primary functional SNP. Moreover, e-QTL analysis indicated that the effector gene of rs2293370 was Protein O-Glucosyltransferase 1 (POGLUT1) (P = 3.4 × 10⁻⁸). This is the first study to demonstrate that POGLUT1 and not CD80 is the effector gene regulated by the primary functional SNP rs2293370, and that increased expression of POGLUT1 might be involved in the pathogenesis of PBC