Elements of Non-Market Economy in Tourism: Empathy, Natural Environment, Community, Gift

In modern times where the market economy is penetrating human life widely and globally, tourism has also been developing assuming the existing market economy, and at the same time, the part of human life which has not been made into a market economy remains a significant part in tourism. This is supposed to be important characteristic of tourism. Based on the institutional premise of the market economy and prior studies on tourism, I extracted elements such as empathy, natural environment, community, gift as a non-market economy area in tourism, then considered the theoretical background of these elements, and showed many cases how these elements are maintained in tourism. By focusing on non-market elements in tourism, I clarified new characteristic of tourism that cannot be captured by the idea of tourism like consuming in the market. I think that is the significance of studying tourism

A Network Analogy for Three-dimensional Eddy Current Problems

We present a numerical method for the solution of eeddy current problems arising in the analysis of electric machines. The method is based on a network analogy which is equivalent to a differential-integral equation formulation of Maxwell's equations, using the Biot-Savart Law. The present approach is intended mainly to give an intuitive picture rather than to be used as a general method for solving practical problems. A more effective method is presented in a companion article, where we start from a direct mathematical formulation

A Novel Hypoxia Imaging Endoscopy System

Measurement of tumor hypoxia is required for the diagnosis of tumor and the evaluation of therapeutic outcome. Currently, invasive and noninvasive techniques being exploited for tumor hypoxia measurement include polarographic needle electrodes, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radionuclide imaging (positron emission tomography [PET] and single-photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]), optical imaging (bioluminescence and fluorescence), and hypoxia imaging endoscopy. This review provides a summary of the modalities available for assessment of tissue oxygenation as well as a discussion of current arguments for and against each modality, with a particular focus on noninvasive hypoxia imaging with emerging agents and new imaging technologies intended to detect molecular events associated with tumor hypoxia

Reliability Aspect of Application of DDC Computer in Power Plants

The subject of this paper is the reliability aspect of the application of DDC computer systems in thermal and nuclear power plants. The influence of the computer's Mean Time to Failure and Mean Time to Repair on a power plant's economic outage penalty cost has been investigated, and the total economical losses during the economical power plant life have been calculated for various economical factors

Generation and Properties of Plasmas in Contact with Ionic Liquids

60th Gaseous Electronics Conferenc

Numerical Solution of Three-dimensional Eddy Current Problems

A general numerical method is given for the solution of quasi-stationary electromagnetic field problems. The integral equation-type formulation used permits the elimination of field quantities of inactive regions (air etc.) from the calculation. Some difficulties present in other methods (like surface charges etc.) are also avoided. The use of global variables in connection with the coordinate-independent (tensorial) form of the basic equations is likely to be helpful for an easy definition of a class of practical problems for a general computer program. A numerical example is included

Path coverings of two sets of points in the plane

We consider the following problem: For given two sets of red points and blue points in the plane respectively, we want to cover all these points with disjoint non-crossing alternating geometric paths of the same length. Determine the length of a path for which the above covering always exists under a trivial necessary condition on the numbers of red points and blue points. We give a complete solution to this problem.

Morphological features of lipid droplet transition during porcine oocyte fertilisation and early embryonic development to blastocyst in vivo and in vitro

Lipid content in mammalian oocytes or embryos differs among species, with bovine and porcine oocytes and embryos showing large cytoplasmic droplets. These droplets are considered to play important roles in energy metabolism during oocyte maturation, fertilisation and early embryonic development, and also in the freezing ability of oocytes or embryos; however, their detailed distribution or function is not well understood. In the present study, changes in the distribution and morphology of porcine lipid droplets during in vivo and in vitro fertilisation, in contrast to parthenogenetic oocyte activation, as well as during their development to blastocyst stage, were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The analysis of semi-thin and ultra-thin sections by TEM showed conspicuous, large, electron-dense lipid droplets, sometimes associated with mitochondrial aggregates in the oocytes, irrespective of whether the oocytes had been matured in vivo or in vitro. Immediately after sperm penetration, the electron density of the lipid droplets was lost in both the in vivo and in vitro oocytes, the reduction being most evident in the oocytes developed in vitro. Density was restored in the pronculear oocytes, fully in the in vivo specimens but only partially in the in vitro ones. The number and size of the droplets seemed, however, to have decreased. At 2- to 4-cell and blastocyst stages, the features of the lipid droplets were almost the same as those of pronuclear oocytes, showing a homogeneous or saturated density in the in vivo embryos but a marbled or partially saturated appearance in the in vitro embryos. In vitro matured oocytes undergoing parthenogenesis had lipid droplets that resembled those of fertilised oocytes until the pronuclear stage. Overall, results indicate variations in both the morphology and amount of cytoplasmic lipid droplets during porcine oocyte maturation, fertilisation and early embryo development as well as differences between in vivo and in vitro development, suggesting both different energy status during preimplantation development in pigs and substantial differences between in vitro and in vivo development.</p