The anesthetic effects of clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at different concentrations and temperatures

In this study, anesthetic effects of five different concentrations of 2-phenoxyethanol (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 ml/L) and clove oil (0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50 ml/L) on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were studied at temperatures 7, 13 and 18ºC. For this purpose, 900 fish (39.08 ± 1.13 g and 15.48 ± 0.21 cm) were used in the experiment. Induction time of 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil varied between 1.05 and 3.36 min at all concentrations, except for 0.2 ml/L (for 2-phenoxyethanol only) and at every temperature application. Full recovery time occurred between 2.44 and 7.14 min for 2-phenoxyethanol and 3.23 - 6.11 min for clove oil. It was found that full recovery times significantly increased with increase in 2-phenoxyethanol concentrations (r^2=0.81). The same increasing trend was observed in clove oil, but the increase was not strong compared to 2-phenoxyethanol (r^2=0.21). On the other hand, full induction times of 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil significantly declined with the increase in concentrations (r^2=0.74; r^2=0.84 for 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil, respectively). Based on the ideal induction (less than 3 min) and recovery (less than 5 min) time criteria, it can be suggested that the most appropriate concentrations for rainbow trout were 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 ml/L for 2-phenoxyethanol and 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 ml/L for clove oil

A first AFLP-based genetic linkage map for brine shrimp Artemia franciscana and its application in mapping the sex locus

We report on the construction of sex-specific linkage maps, the identification of sex-linked markers and the genome size estimation for the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. Overall, from the analysis of 433 AFLP markers segregating in a 112 full-sib family we identified 21 male and 22 female linkage groups (2n = 42), covering 1,041 and 1,313 cM respectively. Fifteen putatively homologous linkage groups, including the sex linkage groups, were identified between the female and male linkage map. Eight sex-linked AFLP marker alleles were inherited from the female parent, supporting the hypothesis of a WZ-ZZ sex-determining system. The haploid Artemia genome size was estimated to 0.93 Gb by flow cytometry. The produced Artemia linkage maps provide the basis for further fine mapping and exploring of the sex-determining region and are a possible marker resource for mapping genomic loci underlying phenotypic differences among Artemia species

Increased transgenic plant regeneration in carrizo citrange by the combination of agrobacterium tumefaciens and plasmolysis treatment

Procedures for high efficiency production of transgenic citrus plants using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens system with plasmolysis treatment were developed. Longitudinally cut epicotyl segments of Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck x Poncirus trifoliate L. Raf.)] were plasmolysed in different concentrations of sucrose and maltose [0, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 % (w/v)] prior to Agrobacterium inoculation. Plasmolysed epicotyl expiants were co-cultivated with either the hypervirulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain, the EHA-101 (harboring a binary vector pGA482GG) or Agll (carrying pCAMBIAl303 vector). Both binary vectors contained neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPT II) and b—glucuronidase (GUS) genes. The binary vector pCAMBIA1303 also contained a fused mGFP5 gene at the 3¢ end of GUS gene as a reporter. Epicotyl expiants of Carrizo citrange plasmolysed in 6–10% sucrose and 3% maltose showed transient GUS gene expression comprising up to 80–90% of the cut surface of expiants. Stable transformation frequencies were 120% when explant was treated with 6–10% sucrose. Plazmolysis treatment with 9–12% maltose eliminated the escapes from stable transgenic shoots. Regenerated putative transgenic shoots were harvested from the cut surface of epicotyl expiants within 2–3 months. Shoots were divided into basal and apical portions. Basal portions were assayed for GUS and apical portions were shoot tip grafted in vivo for the production of whole plants. The presence and expression of transgenes in the whole plants were verified by GUS assay, PCR and Southern analyses. The transformation efficiency in Carrizo citrange obtained is the highest so far reported for citrus. © 2004 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC

Biological and molecular detection of citrus psorosis virus in citrus in the Eastern Mediterrenean Region of Turkey

Fifty bud sticks exhibiting vein flecking, vein clearing and oak-leaf pattern symptoms of 'Satsuma' and 'Clementine' mandarins, and 'Washington navel' and local oranges in the field in Mersin, Kozan and Adana provinces were collected and grafted on one-year-old sour orange seedlings to maintain Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV) in indicators. Thirty two indicator plants showed typical symptoms of vein flecking, vein clearing, and vein banding with oak-leaf pattern. Eighteen plants gave mild leaf symptoms. CPsV was detected by RT-PCR from CPsV-infected sources. Leaf samples for RT-PCR were collected from symptomatic field trees. In all, thirty samples from different trees of mandarin and twenty samples from different trees of sweet oranges were collected. A 434 bp specific DNA for the coat protein was amplified from the cDNA of CPsV-infected leaf samples. This specific DNA product was not amplified from healthy leaf samples or asymptomatic leaves collected from CPsV-infected trees

Gene Transfer Into Citrus (Citrus limon L.) Nucellar Cells by Particle Bombardment and Expression of Gus Activity

The presence of foreign genes that were transferred into Citrus nucellar cells by the particle bombardment system has been expressed with the GUS assay. Tungsten microcarriers coated with plasmid DNA containing the gus A gene (pBI221.2) were accelerated at high velocity using a biolistic device into lemon (Citrus limon var. Kütdiken) target cells. Histochemical examination of the bombarded nucellar cells revealed that only several cell aggregates had cells expressing the gus A gene. Control cell aggregates that were not bombarded did not exhibit any cells expressing the gus A gene

The effects of some carbohydrates on growth and somatic embryogenesis in citrus callus culture

The effects of several carbohydrates-glycerol, sorbitol, mannitol, lactose, glucose, and galactose were studied at different concentration ranges (1-5%) on embryogenesis of ovule-derived calli from three species and four varieties of Citrus; Clementine mandarin (Citrus clementina), Washington Navel orange (C. sinensis), Kutdiken and Zagara Bianca lemon (C. limon). The best results of embryo formation from calli of different citrus varieties were obtained in 4% and 5% glycerol concentrations. Sixty-seven Washington Navel orange embryos and 137 Zagara Bianca lemon embryos were obtained at a concentration of 4% glycerol. Clementine mandarin and Kutdiken lemon produced significant numbers of embryos-808 and 453, respectively, at the concentration of 5% glycerol. Embryogenesis was also stimulated at fewer rates with other carbohydrates, such as lactose and sorbitol, at the various concentrations in all utilized citrus calli in this study. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.We thank John L. Cook for editorial assistance. This research was supported in part by a grant from The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey and Research Foundation of Cukurova University

Improved transformation efficiency in citrus by plasmolysis treatment

Procedures for high efficiency production of transgenic citrus plants using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens system with plasmolysis treatment were developed. Longitudinally cut epicotyl segments of eight different citrus species ['Milam' Rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush), 'Volkamer' lemon (Citrus volkameriana L), Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia L), 'Hamlin' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L Osbeck), 'Duncan' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf), Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L), 'Cleopatra' mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis L Osbeck x Poncirus trifoliate L Raf)] were plasmolyzed in different concentrations of sucrose and maltose [0, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 % (w/v)] prior to Agrobacterium inoculation. Plasmolyzed epicotyl explants were co-cultivated with either the hypervirulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain, the EHA-101 (harboring a binary vector pGA482GG) or Agl-1 (carrying pCAMBIA1303 vector). Both binary vectors contained neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPT II) and ß-glucuronidase (GUS) genes. The binary vector, pCAMBIA1303 also contained a fused mGFP5 gene at the 3' end of GUS gene as a reporter. Epicotyl explants of Rangpur lime, Rough and 'Volkamer' lemons plasmolyzed in 9-12 % maltose showed transient GUS gene expression comprising up to 95 % of the cut surface of explants, while Carrizo citrange showed 80 % expression when they were plasmolyzed in 6-10 % sucrose. On the other hand, epicotyl explants of 'Hamlin' sweet orange, Grapefruit, Sour orange and 'Cleopatra' mandarin showed transient GUS expession in 80-90 % of explants with 6-10 % sucrose. Basal portions of the regenerated putative transgenic shoots harvested from the cut surface of epicotyl explants within 2-3 months, were assayed for GUS, and apical portions were shoot-tip grafted in vivo for the production of whole plants. The transformation efficiencies in different species obtained are the highest so far reported for citrus

A survey for citrus blight diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey

Annual Meeting of the American-Phytopathology-Society -- AUG 01-05, 2009 -- Portland, ORWOS: 000266213300369…Amer Phytopathol So

Gene transfer into citrus (Citrus limon L.) nucellar cells by particle bombardment and expression of gus activity

The presence of foreign genes that were transferred into Citrus nucellar cells by the particle bombardment system has been expressed with the GUS assay. Tungsten microcarriers coated with plasmid DNA containing the gus A gene (pBI221.2) were accelerated at high velocity using a biolistic device into lemon (Citrus limon var. Kütdiken) target cells. Histochemical examination of the bombarded nucellar cells revealed that only several cell aggregates had cells expressing the gus A gene. Control cell aggregates that were not bombarded did not exhibit any cells expressing the gus A gene

Is it Possible to Transform Hatchery-Reared Abnormal Juveniles of Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L. 1758) into Normal Individuals?

WOS: 000276913600001Lordosis, which is one of the skeletal deformations, was frequently encountered in the culture of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L. 1758) and it affects the biological performance and marketing image of the fish negatively. Thus it causes big economic losses. In larger natural environments, this abnormality in wild-caught individual is rare, whereas the case is the other way round in hatchery-reared sea bass. This problem can be caused by swim bladder malformations, environmental conditions, bacterial factors, water flow rate and swimming activity. However, many researchers reported that all of these factors cause these malformations in different regions of the skeletal system, commonly known as V-shaped curvatures. But in this study, it is not aimed to investigate the possible causes of the observed abnormalities. We focused on whether the abnormal individuals can be transformed into individuals with normal skeletal systems. In this study, a total number of 5636 juvenile individuals (0.09-1.93 g of live weight) were used. Lordosis rates were identified between the days 54 and 110 by randomly taking at least 30 samples from every group on a weekly basis, at triplicate. In this study, 100% of the individuals with this type of deformation were successfully transformed into individuals with the normal skeletal system in a large volume and rectangular ponds with semi-intensive rearing method