The anesthetic effects of clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at different concentrations and temperatures

In this study, anesthetic effects of five different concentrations of 2-phenoxyethanol (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 ml/L) and clove oil (0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50 ml/L) on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were studied at temperatures 7, 13 and 18ºC. For this purpose, 900 fish (39.08 ± 1.13 g and 15.48 ± 0.21 cm) were used in the experiment. Induction time of 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil varied between 1.05 and 3.36 min at all concentrations, except for 0.2 ml/L (for 2-phenoxyethanol only) and at every temperature application. Full recovery time occurred between 2.44 and 7.14 min for 2-phenoxyethanol and 3.23 - 6.11 min for clove oil. It was found that full recovery times significantly increased with increase in 2-phenoxyethanol concentrations (r^2=0.81). The same increasing trend was observed in clove oil, but the increase was not strong compared to 2-phenoxyethanol (r^2=0.21). On the other hand, full induction times of 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil significantly declined with the increase in concentrations (r^2=0.74; r^2=0.84 for 2-phenoxyethanol and clove oil, respectively). Based on the ideal induction (less than 3 min) and recovery (less than 5 min) time criteria, it can be suggested that the most appropriate concentrations for rainbow trout were 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 ml/L for 2-phenoxyethanol and 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 ml/L for clove oil

Fungal Diseases of Wheat

Wheat is considered the first crop that is grown on earth. It is a staple food in many regions of the world. Due to the increase in the world’s population, it is very important to increase wheat production. With an estimate in 2050, almost 50% more production of wheat will be required due to the increase in population. Increased productivity of wheat is the biggest challenge for researchers. It faces several biotic (microbial diseases) and abiotic (water, temperature, and climatic change) limiting factors. But the major threat for wheat is due to a large number of fungal diseased pathogens, which causes massive and destructive loss to the crop. It includes rusts, smuts, Fusarium head blight, Septoria leaf blotch, tan spot, and powdery mildew that cause the most serious losses. It was estimated in 2019 that almost 22% yield loss of wheat was due to diseases. These percentages will increase with time due to mutation and diversity in virulent strains. This chapter includes all major and minor fungal diseases of wheat, symptom, disease cycle, spore identification, disease losses, etiology, and integrated disease management

Monocyte/high-density lipoprotein ratio predicts the mortality in ischemic stroke patients

Objective The inflammatory process is a very important stage in the development and prognosis of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The monocyte to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio (MHR) is accepted as a novel marker for demonstrating inflammation. However, the role of MHR as a predictor of mortality in patients with AIS remains unclear. Methods We retrospectively enrolled 466 patients who were referred to our clinic within the first 24hours of symptom presentation and who were diagnosed with AIS between January 2008 and June 2016. Four hundred and eight controls of similar age and gender were also included. The patient group was classified into two groups according to 30-day mortality. The groups were compared in terms of monocyte counts, HDL, and MHR values. Results The patient group had significantly higher monocyte counts and lower HDL levels; therefore, this group had higher values of MHR compared to controls. Additionally, the monocyte count and MHR value were higher, and the HDL level was lower in non-surviving patients (p<0.001). The MHR value was also observed as a significant independent variable of 30-day mortality in patients with AIS (p<0.001). The optimum cut-off value of MHR in predicting the 30-day mortality for patients with AIS was 17.52 (95% CI 0.95–0.98). Conclusion Our study demonstrated that a high MHR value is an independent predictor of 30-day mortality in patients with AIS

A Case of Secondary Narcolepsy Presenting with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Symptoms

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and narcolepsy are two diseases causing excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). As they are often confused, these two disorders can also coexist. Therefore there is need to distinguish these disorders in patients with EDS. We would like to present a case on a patient who sent to our sleep laboratory with a preliminary diagnosis of OSAS and suspicion of narcolepsy in detailed history. The case is a 24 year-old male. He was diagnosed with OSAS and narcolepsy while being investigated for OSAS. Neurological examination revealed an additional diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. In this case report, we emphasize that in patients with EDS, particularly if EDS cannot be explained with OSAS, investigation for narcolepsy should also be done. In addition, when narcolepsy is detected; neurological examination is actually necessary considering the possibility of secondary narcolepsy

A first AFLP-based genetic linkage map for brine shrimp Artemia franciscana and its application in mapping the sex locus

We report on the construction of sex-specific linkage maps, the identification of sex-linked markers and the genome size estimation for the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. Overall, from the analysis of 433 AFLP markers segregating in a 112 full-sib family we identified 21 male and 22 female linkage groups (2n = 42), covering 1,041 and 1,313 cM respectively. Fifteen putatively homologous linkage groups, including the sex linkage groups, were identified between the female and male linkage map. Eight sex-linked AFLP marker alleles were inherited from the female parent, supporting the hypothesis of a WZ-ZZ sex-determining system. The haploid Artemia genome size was estimated to 0.93 Gb by flow cytometry. The produced Artemia linkage maps provide the basis for further fine mapping and exploring of the sex-determining region and are a possible marker resource for mapping genomic loci underlying phenotypic differences among Artemia species

Identifying and Ranking Efficient Frame Rail Procurement Strategies Using DEA

The purpose of this study is to identify the best material procurement strategy for medium duty truck frame-rails at Freightliner Corporation. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is used as the analysis method

The Stasi as an Architectural Producer: Surveillance versus Scientific Management in the East German Built Environment 1961 - 1989

This dissertation examines the relationship between architecture and surveillance in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) by uncovering the largely overlooked architectural history of its Ministry of State Security—commonly known as the Stasi. It specifically asks: by what means did state surveillance infuse the East German built environment and—in turn—by what means did architectural spaces and processes affect state surveillance and state power? Exploring the Stasi’s three main architectural roles, the dissertation looks beyond representational techniques of governance and studies scientifically justified surveillance and policing measures as they configured the production and use of the East German built environment. The state security apparatus acted as—what I term—a building agent, surveilling the GDR’s industrial labor force and monitoring the productivity and efficiency of the centrally regulated building economy. The ministry was a building developer, which produced prefabricated building technologies and managed construction firms to realize numerous structures for its employees and East German functionaries. The Stasi was also a building user that analyzed and reproduced the built environment across media to improve secret policing. As a result, I argue that the Stasi was an important architectural producer, and that architecture and surveillance were mutually articulated within the Stasi’s networks of knowledge and power between 1961 and 1989. To interrogate this mutual articulation, I include surveillance agents among the constellation of architects, engineers, administrators, and policy makers partaking in the production of the East German built environment. I treat surveillance as information collection and a spatial practice, requiring the analysis, reproduction, and reconfiguration of the built environment according to surveillance objectives. And lastly, I examine architectural knowledge obtained through and produced for surveillance, which had ramifications for the organization and use of the East German built environment. The dissertation intervenes into the historiography of the Stasi and the GDR by investigating architecture not just as the means and site but also the object and subject of state surveillance and state power. While the Stasi acted as a control mechanism overseeing the Soviet-socialist building economy, it grew knowledgeable and critical of the roadmaps devised by the GDR’s center of power. The ministry tried to implement its insights in its building industry. Yet, constrained by ideological pressures and economic optimization, efforts to advance building technology and the scientific management of design and construction conflicted with a burgeoning surveillance bureaucracy, which paradoxically confronted with the Stasi’s resultant inability to establish supervisory capacities through visual-spatial means. The Stasi’s involvement in building production, especially in the 1973 Housing Program, gave it an intimate knowledge of the East German built environment, nonetheless. The Stasi diligently registered and networked architectural spaces according to surveillance objectives, but the replicability of typified structures did not translate into the replicability of policing methods. Examining these recursive yet incompatible chains of operations between architecture and surveillance in the GDR, the dissertation shows how the Stasi rendered itself indispensable but also became increasingly dysfunctional over time—and what role architecture played in both. This situates the dissertation as an investigation into the architectural pre-history of contemporary totalitarian police states across Europe, and beyond. The dissertation ultimately advances the study of architecture and politics, demonstrating that mobilizing architecture for repression and control produced a built environment that challenged precisely those forces, confounding political operatives who enlisted it for political ends.PhDArchitectureUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/177926/1/eskayim_1.pd

Increased transgenic plant regeneration in carrizo citrange by the combination of agrobacterium tumefaciens and plasmolysis treatment

Procedures for high efficiency production of transgenic citrus plants using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens system with plasmolysis treatment were developed. Longitudinally cut epicotyl segments of Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck x Poncirus trifoliate L. Raf.)] were plasmolysed in different concentrations of sucrose and maltose [0, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 % (w/v)] prior to Agrobacterium inoculation. Plasmolysed epicotyl expiants were co-cultivated with either the hypervirulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain, the EHA-101 (harboring a binary vector pGA482GG) or Agll (carrying pCAMBIAl303 vector). Both binary vectors contained neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPT II) and b—glucuronidase (GUS) genes. The binary vector pCAMBIA1303 also contained a fused mGFP5 gene at the 3¢ end of GUS gene as a reporter. Epicotyl expiants of Carrizo citrange plasmolysed in 6–10% sucrose and 3% maltose showed transient GUS gene expression comprising up to 80–90% of the cut surface of expiants. Stable transformation frequencies were 120% when explant was treated with 6–10% sucrose. Plazmolysis treatment with 9–12% maltose eliminated the escapes from stable transgenic shoots. Regenerated putative transgenic shoots were harvested from the cut surface of epicotyl expiants within 2–3 months. Shoots were divided into basal and apical portions. Basal portions were assayed for GUS and apical portions were shoot tip grafted in vivo for the production of whole plants. The presence and expression of transgenes in the whole plants were verified by GUS assay, PCR and Southern analyses. The transformation efficiency in Carrizo citrange obtained is the highest so far reported for citrus. © 2004 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC