Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists on the example of semaglutide on the cardiovascular system and their role in the treatment of obesity.

Obesity nowadays affects an increasing number of people. We can talk about it when the patient's BMI is ≥ 30.0 kg/m² (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m² - overweight). While obesity in itself may not be a problem for people suffering from it, its complications can be global and sometimes pose a serious threat to health or even life. Its main complications in the cardiovascular system include: hypercholesterolaemia, arterial hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, early atherosclerotic changes, heart and cerebral infarction. Treatment of obesity is based mainly on changing the patient's lifestyle - diet and physical activity, which can sometimes be problematic and difficult to apply. However, there is a new group of hypoglycaemic drugs - glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists, which can make obesity treatment easier. These drugs use the incretin effect in the body to increase insulin secretion in response to a meal containing carbohydrates and prevent postprandial hyperglycemia. In this article, we will analyze the latest studies on the effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists, using semaglutide as an example, on the cardiovascular system and on weight loss in patients

Contested Ownership: Restitution of the Breslau Rabbinical Library and the Controversy over Heirless Jewish Cultural Property after 1945

Ce colloque s’est tenu les jeudi et vendredi 23 et 24 mars 2017, à la Bibliothèque universitaire des langues et civilisations et à la Bibliothèque nationale de France, Il a été organisé par le Centre Gabriel Naudé de l\u27Ecole nationale supérieure des sciences de l\u27information et des bibliothèques (ENSSIB), l\u27Institut d\u27histoire du temps présent (IHTP, UMR CNRS Paris 8) et l\u27Université Paris Diderot (EA Identités, cultures, territoires), avec le soutien de la Bibliothèque nationale de France, de la Bibliothèque universitaire des langues et civilisations (BULAC), de la Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah, de la Claims Foundation, de la Fondation Maison des Sciences de l\u27Homme et du Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst. Au cours de ce colloque, une douzaine de livres, datant du XVIIe siècle et retrouvés dans ses collections par la Bibliothèque centrale et régionale de Berlin (Zentral -und Landesbibliothek) ont été restitués à trois ministères français (ministère des Affaires étrangères, ministère de l\u27Intérieur, ministère de la Justice) auxquels ils avaient été spoliées en juin 1940. Un registre manuscrit d\u27état civil des années 1751-1771, spolié à la commune de Verpel (Ardennes) lui sera également restitué. Associé à ce colloque en ligne, les Presses de l’Enssib proposent Où sont les bibliothèques françaises spoliées par les nazis ? ouvrage coordonné par Martine Poulain qui a rassemblé les contributions, enrichies, concernant particulièrement l’histoire d’environ 14 000 livres spoliés et déposés dans une quarantaine de bibliothèques françaises entre 1950 et 1953, et leurs caractéristiques. https://presses.enssib.fr/catalogue/ou-sont-les-bibliotheques-francaises-spoliees-par-les-nazi

Cardioprotective effects of coffee

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages among adults. Popular for its stimulant properties, it is also appreciated for its taste and is an essential part of many people's daily lives. Coffee, in addition to caffeine, contains macroelements such as sodium, potassium and magnesium, which ensure the proper functioning of the body, as well as polyphenols which are characterised by their anti-inflammatory properties. [1,2] Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia and caffeine is often considered a potential risk factor. [3] The purpose of this article is to evaluate current scientific reports on the relationship between coffee consumption and atrial fibrillation

Oral anticoagulation – current knowlegde

Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) and direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are two groups of drugs used in the prevention of thromboembolic events. Although DOACs are currently the preferred option in such prophylaxis, there are still indications for the use of VKAs. Thromboembolic episodes may occur as a result of many cardiovascular diseases, inter alia cardiac dysrhythmias. Atrial fibrillation is an arrhythmia that may be asymptomatic or manifested by chest pain, syncope, dyspnea or fatigue. Moreover, it is associated with a high risk of serious complications. An ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction can result from poorly treated AF and may sometimes be the only symptom of an arrhythmia. Therefore, the assessment of a patient's eligibility for anticoagulation therapy is an important element in the prevention of thromboembolic events. Demographic aging and the associated comorbidity may pose a clinical problem in the treatment of atrial fibrillation. The selection of an appropriate anticoagulant therapy should be individualized to the patient's needs

Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults

Energy drinks are very popular nowadays. The number of people consuming this type of drink is growing every year, not only in the adult group but also in the population of adolescents and children. For many people, they are an alternative to stimulating coffee. In addition to the desired effects such as reducing fatigue, improving concentration and increasing physical and mental performance, energy drinks can also have adverse effects. The substances they contain, such as caffeine, taurine and large amounts of carbohydrates, may contribute to an increased risk of cardiovascular complications, metabolic and gastroenterological diseases, and mental disorders. [1] The aim of the article is to present the negative effects of consuming energy drinks in the population of adolescents and children

Promising COVID-19 therapies on examples of some antiviral, immunomodulatory and natural substances use - review

COVID-19 is one of the biggest challenges to medicine ever. Because of its dissemination in population effective drug to cure it was needed. There were some trials on antiviral drugs like lopiravir/ritonavir, remdesivir, darunavir/cobicistat, favipiravir, molnupiravir, discovered originally in order to treat other diseases. Only remdesivir and molnupiravir seem to be beneficial for patients with COVID-19, both of them are approved in therapy in a large number of countries allover the world. [2] Another very important group of drugs used in trials against COVID-19 was immunomodulatory drugs. Some of them, like chloroquine/hydrochloroquine was very promising, but finally there were no evidences of its benefits found. [2] Corticosteroids used in moderate and severe COVID-19 caused general improvement of clinical status and decreased mortality. Interesting and quite promising may be use of interferons but for now lack of evidences does not allow to make clear statement about its benefits. There are some argumentations for natural methods of COVID-19 treatment. Dietary recommendations, vitamin and microelements supplementation may be helpful in the therapy and in addition may not have any adverse effects. Also, herbal mixtures, developed centuries ago in China found usage during COVID-19 pandemic. After analysis of thousands of cases Traditional Chinese Medicine can be considered as one of the most successful attempt in combating COVID-19. [6

Present situation of bacterial neuroinfections across the globe – review

Bacterial meningitis is still life-treating disease, which cause about 1.2 million cases and it is responsible for over 100 thousand of deaths across the globe. [2][ The most common pathogens which case the disease are Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Listeria monocytogenes. Morbidity is significantly higher in Africa, than in other regions in the world. Region of the highest frequency of new cases is located in sub-Saharan Africa and called meningitis belt. Vaccination campaigns against bacterial, mostly meningococcal were conducted in some of these regions and the benefits of it were seen [5]. Young children and elderly patients are predisposed to have bacterial meningitis. In pediatric population the disease usually presents as fever, seizures, vomiting, chills, altered mental status and stiff neck. [4] Development of each country have impact on mortality and morbidity among children. [6] Elderly patients, because of their comorbidity are also predisposed to bacterial meningitis. Diseases like diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, cancer, HIV/AIDS or being after splenectomy may make the patients susceptible for bacterial invasion of CNS. Also, every factor which interrupt blood-brain barrier, like trauma or surgery may cause the infection. Intracerebral hemorrhage can be consequence of the infection, which cause other complications like impaired consciousness, focal neurological deficit, need of mechanical ventilation and seizures. It was noticed that in most of cases bacterial meningitis had S.pneumoniae etiology

Effects of autoimmune disorders on daily lifestyle

Systemic diseases of connective tissue are a group of diseases of unspecified aetiology and pathogenesis. They are based on the autoimmune process. It can involve single organs as well as whole systems. Neuropsychiatric complications in systemic connective tissue diseases are of interest to both neurologists and rheumatologists and specialists in other fields. These complications may occur with different frequency – from 30-80% and result from the involvement of individual structures of the central and peripheral nervous system. They can be divided into primary, i.e. resulting from the underlying disease, and secondary, which are most often the result of the applied treatment. The most common psychopathological symptoms include: progressive cognitive disorders, emotional lability, mood and sleep disorders, as well as memory disorders, psychosensory disorders, depersonalisation, derealisation, depressed mood, anxiety states, hallucinations, persecutory delusions. Diagnosing the cause of psychiatric disorders is the basis for introducing appropriate causal treatment, which should be supplemented by symptomatic psychiatric therapy

Arterial hypertension in children and adolescents

Arterial hypertension is a serious clinical problem in everyday medical practice. It mainly affects adult patients, but is also increasingly common in children and adolescents. Making a diagnosis is possible thanks to systematic measurements of blood pressure during routine medical visits, while maintaining appropriate rules and referring to adequate biological norms - centile charts. Arterial hypertension in children and adolescents may be primary, but much more often than in the adult population, it occurs secondary to diseases of other organs and systems. Early diagnosis of hypertension in the developmental age gives a chance to implement adequate therapy by treating the underlying disease, lifestyle modification or pharmacological treatment. The aim of effective therapy of hypertension is to prevent the occurrence of early and long-term complications of the disease, as well as to reduce the risk of hypertensive emergencies

Contested Heritage

In the wake of the Nazi regime’s policies, European Jewish cultural property was dispersed, dislocated, and destroyed. Books, manuscripts, and artworks were either taken by their fleeing owners and were transferred to different places worldwide, or they fell prey to systematic looting and destruction under German occupation. Until today, a significant amount of items can be found in private and public collections in Germany as well as abroad with an unclear or disputed provenance. Contested Heritage. Jewish Cultural Property after 1945 illuminates the political and cultural implications of Jewish cultural property looted and displaced during the Holocaust. The volume includes seventeen essays, accompanied by newly discovered archival material and illustrations, which address a wide range of topics: from the shifting meaning and character of the objects themselves, the so-called object biographies, their restitution processes after 1945, conflicting ideas about their appropriate location, political interests in their preservation, actors and networks involved in salvage operations, to questions of intellectual and cultural transfer processes revolving around the moving objects and their literary resonances. Thus, it offers a fascinating insight into lesser-known dimensions of the aftermath of the Holocaust and the history of Jews in postwar Europe