Effect of Extrusion Pre-Treatment on Physical Properties and Sugar Recovery of Cold Press and Solvent Extracted Canola, Camelina and Carinata Meal

Canola/rapeseed meal (CM) ranks second behind soybeans in global production of protein from oil cakes and meals. Commercial CM has been investigated as a feed ingredient in diets of a number of fish species. Camelina (Camelina sativa) has been a potential oilseed crop. The fat extracted meal contains over 40% protein. Camelina yields an average of 420–640 L/ha, and the protein and fiber content in its meal byproduct is comparable to that of soybean meal. Brassica carinata possesses many positive agronomic traits, and it can grow well in hot, dry, and semiarid climates and seed oil from these species and its byproduct (carinata meal) may have potential applications in the food, biofuel, and feed industries. The sugars present in the canola, camelina and carinata meal can be used as a source for production of feed for the fish: the sugars can be converted into a high protein diet with the help of fermentation. Due to comparatively low sugar content in oilseed meals, this issue needed to be resolved. To solve this issue, the canola, camelina and carinata meal needs to increase their sugar level by using a pre-treatment. First of all, two different types of meals were prepared by using cold press oil extractor and accelerated solvent extractor. After extraction using two different methods, pre-treatment was done. Extrusion was used as a pre-treatment. The xviii canola, camelina and carinata meal were extruded using a total of 9 combinations of temperature and screw speed. Three different temperature including 80°C, 130°C and 180°C and screw speed of 50, 100 and 150 rpm were used. In order to measure the increased sugar recovery, enzymatic hydrolysis was done followed by the HPLC analysis. The enzymes were added at 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 FPU/g cellulose in order to optimize the enzyme dosage. The sugar recovery was measured in terms of glucose, galactose and arabinose recovery. The extruder processing conditions were optimized based on the amount of sugar recovery. Enzyme dosage and extruder processing conditions played a major role in increasing the sugar recovery of canola, camelina and carinata meal. Higher sugar recovery was recorded for accelerated solvent extracted (ASE) canola meal versus to the cold press (CP) extracted canola meal. A significant increase in ASE galactose recovery and glucose recovery (CP&ASE) was observed due to extrusion temperature of camelina meal. It was observed that during extrusion, for camelina meal, temperature had a greater effect than screw speed. Higher sugar recovery was recorded for CP carinata meal than ASE carinata meal. Physical properties can show characteristics of the transition and storage of these plant materials (canola, camelina and carinata meal). These physical properties, include moisture content, bulk density, true density, water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), water activity and color and were measured. Thermal properties like thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity were also measured. Extruder temperature had a significant effect (p\u3c0.05) on WAI, water activity, color and bulk density of ASE canola meal. There was a significant increase (p\u3c0.05) in WSI and thermal properties of CP camelina meal and WAI of ASE camelina meal. xix Extrusion caused a significant (p\u3c0.05) decrease in the values of WAI of CP camelina meal and bulk density, water activity and L (color) of ASE camelina meal. It was observed that during extrusion, temperature had a greater effect than screw speed. Extruder temperature had a significant effect (p\u3c0.05) on WAI, WSI, water activity, color and moisture content at dry basis (MCdb) of CP and ASE carinata meal extrudates. No significant effect (p\u3e0.05) of extruder temperature and screw speed was observed on bulk density and true density of CP and ASE carinata meal extrudates. Overall, extruder temperature had a more significant effect versus screw speed on sugar recovery, physical properties and thermal properties of canola, camelina and carinata meal. Extrusion and enzyme dosage played a significant role in increasing the total % sugar recovery of canola, camelina and carinata meals

THE ABC OF COUNTERFEITING VIS-À-VIS LUXURY BRAND MARKET

Everything that can be produced can be counterfeited right from a soap to something of paramount value like an airplane yet the overarching effects of counterfeits in each industry is dismissed away by corporates. This paper attempts to shed light on the counterfeit industry, elucidate the concept of counterfeits, its presence in ever industry, its overarching effects and the need to address the problem on immediate basis. Herein the steps that a corporate can take to combat the problem at its end have also been duly specified. The paper has specifically gone beyond the general addressal of the menace to specifically address the problem in the luxury fashion industry wherein the effect might not be fatal yet is paramount in nature

Primary ovarian leiomyosarcoma: a case report with review

Primary ovarian leiomyosarcoma is a very rare tumor. Presenting a case report with review of literature

A Cloud Infrastructure as a Service for an Efficient Usage of IoT Capabilities

The Internet of Things comprises of a system of devices (or objects) connected to the Internet and interacting with each other to satisfy various tasks or goals. These objects could be sensors, actuators, smart phones, smart appliances, etc. With the ever-increasing demand of IoT in daily life as well as in the industry, and billions of devices being connected over the internet, most IoT applications aim for cost and energy efficiency, scalability, and minimal latency in terms of resource provisioning. To fulfill these requirements, Cloud Computing might prove beneficial. Cloud Computing provides on demand access to configurable computing resources (servers, memory, network, etc.) in the cloud, which require minimal management by the end user. It comprises of three service models, which are: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). The cloud IaaS aims at an efficient usage of resources. In the specific case of IoT, these resources are the sensing and actuation capabilities. However, there are still many challenges that the design and implementation of an IoT IaaS faces. Some examples are the heterogeneity of the sensors and actuators, orchestration, provision of bare metal access, and also publication and discovery of the capabilities of IoT devices. This thesis aims at the design and implementation of an architecture for IoT IaaS. First, it lays down a set of requirements essential to the architecture. This is followed by a thorough review of the state of the art. Next, it proposes an architecture for IoT IaaS that utilizes node level virtualization for an efficient usage of IoT capabilities. Functional entities are proposed as well as interfaces relying on RESTful Web services. The interfaces include a low-level interface for homogeneously accessing all the heterogenous capabilities of IoT devices, as well as high level interfaces which allow the IoT cloud users (e.g. PaaS or individual applications) to access these capabilities in an efficient manner. We have implemented a prototype using real-life as well as simulated Temperature sensors & Humidity sensors, and EV3 LEGO Mindstorms robots. The architecture is validated by concrete measurements on the prototype and by extensive simulations

CaMK1D kinase: a potential target for breast cancer therapy

Patients with breast cancer are currently offered cytotoxic treatments, which are associated with poor patient prognosis. Recent studies of the molecular basis of several breast cancers suggested a specific kinase which serves as a driver of disease progression. In-house testing of small molecule compounds using structure-based techniques have already exhibited selective inhibition of the kinase. Here, we developed a cell-based model system for assays required to evaluate these inhibitors in vitro. Cell lines were stably transformed using lentiviral transfections and western blot analysis of these cell lines identified potential biomarkers that could serve as a molecular readout of the inhibitor potency. Cytotoxicity and migration assays proposed that the primary inhibitor of interest does not specifically inhibit the kinase. Thus, the model system generated is appropriate for studying the preliminary in vitro effects of inhibition of this putative breast cancer target in cell-based assays

Word length and the principle of least effort: language as an evolving, efficient code for information transfer

In 1935 the linguist George Kingsley Zipf made a now classic observation about the relationship between a word’s length and its frequency: the more frequent a word is, the shorter it tends to be. He claimed that this “Law of Abbreviation” is a universal structural property of language. The Law of Abbreviation has since been documented in a wide range of human languages, and extended to animal communication systems and even computer programming languages. Zipf hypothesised that this universal design feature arises as a result of individuals optimising form-meaning mappings under competing pressures to communicate accurately but also efficiently—his famous Principle of Least Effort. In this thesis, I present a novel set of studies which provide direct experimental evidence for this explanatory hypothesis. Using a miniature artificial language learning paradigm, I show in Chapter 2 that language users optimise form-meaning mappings in line with the Law of Abbreviation only when pressures for accuracy and efficiency both operate during a communicative task. These results are robust across different methods of data collection: one version of the experiment was run in the lab, and another was run online, using a novel method I developed which allows participants to partake in dyadic interaction through a web-based interface. In Chapter 3, I address the growing body of work suggesting that a word’s predictability in context may be an even stronger determiner of its length than its frequency alone. For instance, Piantadosi et al. (2011) show that shorter words have a lower average surprisal (i.e., tend to appear in more predictive contexts) than longer words, in synchronic corpora across many languages. We hypothesise that the same communicative pressures posited by the Principle of Least Effort, when acting on speakers in situations where context manipulates the information content of words, can give rise to these lexical distributions. Adapting the methodology developed in Chapter 2, I show that participants use shorter words in more predictive contexts only when subject to the competing pressures for accurate and efficient communication. In a second experiment, I show that participants are more likely to use shorter words for meanings with a lower average surprisal. These results suggest that communicative pressures acting on individuals during language use can lead to the re-mapping of a lexicon to align with “Uniform Information Density”, the principle that information content ought to be evenly spread across an utterance, such that shorter linguistic units carry less information than longer ones. Over generations, linguistic behaviour such as that observed in the experiments reported here may bring entire lexicons into alignment with the Law of Abbreviation and Uniform Information Density. For this to happen, a diachronic process which leads to permanent lexical change is necessary. However, crucial evidence for this process—decreasing word length as a result of increasing frequency over time—has never before been systematically documented in natural language. In Chapter 4, I conduct the first large-scale diachronic corpus study investigating the relationship between word length and frequency over time, using the Google Books Ngrams corpus and three different word lists covering both English and French. Focusing on words which have both long and short variants (e.g., info/information), I show that the frequency of a word lemma may influence the rate at which the shorter variant gains in popularity. This suggests that the lexicon as a whole may indeed be gradually evolving towards greater efficiency. Taken together, the behavioural and corpus-based evidence presented in this thesis supports the hypothesis that communicative pressures acting on language-users are at least partially responsible for the frequency-length and surprisal-length relationships found universally across lexicons. More generally, the approach taken in this thesis promotes a view of language as, among other things, an evolving, efficient code for information transfer

Standardization of Some Commercial Anti-diabetic Herbal Products containing Syzygiumcumini

An isocratic HPLC method was developed for standardization of five commercially available products containing S. cumini seeds (DIABECON, MADHULENE, HYPONIDD, D-FIT and DIABEGON)using methylxanthoxylin (MXX)as marker. The method was validated in accordance with ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. The chromatographic separation of MXX was achieved on a C18 column by mobile phase composed of methanol and water (60:40%v/v) at a flow rate 0.5 mL/min. The eluent was detected at 280 nm.The method was linear over concentration of 1-200 μg/mL with correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The LOD and LOQ were 0.175 and 0.530 µg/mL, respectively. The method was precise (%RSD <0.31), accurate and robust for determination of MXX in herbal extracts. The content of MXX in the seed extract was found to be 0.0433%w/w while it was ranging from 0.026-0.041%w/w in the products. The content of MXX was found to be equivalent to the pure seed extract only in DIABECON tablets and D-FIT soft gelatine capsules while it was found to be significantly less in the other formulations

EOSINOPHILIC GASTRITIS- A RARE CAUSE OF GASTRIC WALL THICKNESS: A RARE CASE REPORT

Idiopathic eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a rare inflammatory disease of unknown origin, characterized by diffuse eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract, accompanied by varying abdominal symptoms related to the location, severity and depth of invasion. A 63-year old male was admitted to our hospital with complaints of abdominal pain and constipation. Physical examination revealed a distended abdomen with diffuse tenderness. Ultrasound showed free fluid in peritoneal cavity. An emergency laparotomy was performed for a diagnosis of peritonitis due to intestinal obstruction. Pylorus of stomach showed thickening of wall. A Gastric perforation with indurated and rolled margins was identified, gastrojejunostomy was performed and provisional diagnosis of malignant growth with complication of perforation was made but histologically, thickened wall of the stomach revealed dense infiltration of eosinophils and eosiniphilic gastroenteritis was diagnosed. KEYWORDS: Eosinophils, Gastroenteritis; Eosinophilic gastroenteritis; Coticosteroid

EOSINOPHILIC GASTRITIS- A RARE CAUSE OF GASTRIC WALL THICKNESS: A RARE CASE REPORT

Idiopathic eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a rare inflammatory disease of unknown origin, characterized by diffuse eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract, accompanied by varying abdominal symptoms related to the location, severity and depth of invasion. A 63-year old male was admitted to our hospital with complaints of abdominal pain and constipation. Physical examination revealed a distended abdomen with diffuse tenderness. Ultrasound showed free fluid in peritoneal cavity. An emergency laparotomy was performed for a diagnosis of peritonitis due to intestinal obstruction. Pylorus of stomach showed thickening of wall. A Gastric perforation with indurated and rolled margins was identified, gastrojejunostomy was performed and provisional diagnosis of malignant growth with complication of perforation was made but histologically, thickened wall of the stomach revealed dense infiltration of eosinophils and eosiniphilic gastroenteritis was diagnosed. KEYWORDS: Eosinophils, Gastroenteritis; Eosinophilic gastroenteritis; Coticosteroid