Aluminum Gallium Water Reactor V2

This public disclosure discloses a novel reactor design specifically engineered for the controlled chemical reaction between aluminum and water in the presence of gallium, resulting in the generation of hydrogen gas and aluminum oxide. To address the inherent challenges of gallium-induced corrosion, all reactor components are constructed from non-metallic materials. A central feature of this reactor design is a mechanical stirrer strategically positioned at the core, effectively pushing the gallium towards the reactor\u27s perimeter through centrifugal forces. This motion ensures the continuous and uniform mixing of aluminum, water, and gallium, facilitating the desired chemical reaction. Additionally, a specialized mechanism, represented as a screw conveyor, is integrated into the reactor\u27s central region, efficiently extracting the produced aluminum oxide from the reaction mixture using a lifting screw motion, and placing it into a separate container for aluminum oxide. Aluminum and water outlets are positioned to deposit aluminum and water to the periphery of the reactor chamber, where the gallium is located. A gallium outlet allows for the replenishment of the gallium inside of the reactor. The Hydrogen produced from the reaction is directed towards a hydrogen fuel cell where it combines with outside air to produce water and electricity. The water is then redirected back into the reactor chamber. A heater element ensures optimal temperature for the reaction to take place. The reactor design presented herein offers a corrosion-resistant, efficient, and controllable system for the production of hydrogen gas and aluminum oxide for use in energy systems

Aluminum Gallium Water Reactor

This public disclosure discloses a novel reactor design specifically engineered for the controlled chemical reaction between aluminum and water in the presence of gallium, resulting in the generation of hydrogen gas and aluminum oxide. To address the inherent challenges of gallium-induced corrosion, all reactor components are constructed from non-metallic materials. A central feature of this reactor design is a mechanical stirrer strategically positioned at the core, effectively pushing the gallium towards the reactor\u27s perimeter through centrifugal forces. This motion ensures the continuous and uniform mixing of aluminum, water, and gallium, facilitating the desired chemical reaction. Additionally, a specialized mechanism, represented as a straw, is integrated into the reactor\u27s central region and connected to the stirrer, efficiently extracting the produced aluminum oxide from the reaction mixture and placing it into a separate container for aluminum oxide. Aluminum and water outlets are positioned to deposit aluminum and water to the periphery of the reactor chamber, where the gallium is located. A gallium outlet allows for the replenishment of the gallium inside of the reactor. The Hydrogen produced from the reaction is directed towards a hydrogen fuel cell where it combines with outside air to produce water and electricity. The water is then redirected back into the reactor chamber. A heater element ensures optimal temperature for the reaction to take place. The reactor design presented herein offers a corrosion-resistant, efficient, and controllable system for the production of hydrogen gas and aluminum oxide for use in energy systems

Aluminum Gallium Water Hydrogen Fuel Cell System

The following public disclosure outlines an energy system that can be applied either to moving vehicles such as electric bicycles, automobiles, trains, planes etc, or stationary applications such as large scale batteries used to store electricity from renewable sources until it is required by the grid. The system is composed of the following parts: A storage container for aluminum, A storage container for water, a storage container for gallium, a reaction chamber, a recycling chamber, A fuel cell, and a rechargeable battery. In short, aluminum, water, and gallium is mixed into the reaction chamber. The gallium erodes the thin oxide layer on the surface of the aluminum, allowing for it to react with water to form aluminum oxide and hydrogen gas. The resultant hydrogen gas is directed to a fuel cell where it produces electricity and water. The electricity generated is directed either to a rechargeable battery such as a lithium ion battery, or used immediately. The water generated can then either be discarded or recycled back into the storage container containing water. The aluminum oxide and gallium solution that is leftover from the reaction is then directed to a recycling chamber where the gallium is separated from the aluminum oxide and reintroduced into the container for gallium. The aluminum oxide can either be discarded or directed to a separate container that holds the aluminum oxide for later reprocessing into aluminum

Aluminum Battery

The following public disclosure outlines an energy system that fits inside of a standard sized cargo container and serves as a large battery. The system is composed of the following parts: A storage container for aluminum, A storage container for water, A storage container for gallium, A reaction chamber, A recycling unit, A fuel cell, A Rechargable Battery, A storage Container for Aluminum Oxide, A chamber for electrolysis, an air intake unit, and a control unit

Large Battery For Grid Storage

Introduction In today\u27s rapidly evolving energy landscape, the transition to renewable electricity generation is becoming increasingly imperative to combat climate change and reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. Renewable sources like solar and wind power offer clean and sustainable alternatives to traditional energy generation methods. However, these sources are inherently intermittent, dependent on weather conditions, and often produce surplus energy during periods of low demand. This unpredictability and variability in energy production underscore the critical need for large-scale batteries to store excess renewable energy and provide a reliable power supply when the sun isn\u27t shining or the wind isn\u27t blowing. Large-scale batteries serve as an essential component in ensuring a stable and resilient renewable energy grid, offering the potential to bridge the gap between energy supply and demand, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and pave the way for a sustainable energy future. Abstract The following public disclosure outlines an energy system that fits inside of a standard sized cargo container and serves as a large battery. The system is composed of the following parts: A storage container for aluminum, A storage container for water, a reaction chamber containing gallium, A recycling unit inside the reaction chamber, A fuel cell, A Rechargable Battery, A storage Container for Aluminum Oxide, A chamber for electrolysis, an air intake unit, and a control unit

Aluminum Water Gallium Hydgrogen Energy System

Introduction In today\u27s rapidly evolving energy landscape, the transition to renewable electricity generation is becoming increasingly imperative to combat climate change and reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. Renewable sources like solar and wind power offer clean and sustainable alternatives to traditional energy generation methods. However, these sources are inherently intermittent, dependent on weather conditions, and often produce surplus energy during periods of low demand. This unpredictability and variability in energy production underscore the critical need for large-scale batteries to store excess renewable energy and provide a reliable power supply when the sun isn\u27t shining or the wind isn\u27t blowing. Large-scale batteries serve as an essential component in ensuring a stable and resilient renewable energy grid, offering the potential to bridge the gap between energy supply and demand, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and pave the way for a sustainable energy future. Abstract The following public disclosure outlines an energy system that fits inside of a standard sized cargo container and serves as a large battery. The system is composed of the following parts: A storage container for aluminum, A storage container for water, a reaction chamber containing gallium, A recycling unit inside the reaction chamber, A fuel cell, A Rechargable Battery, A storage Container for Aluminum Oxide, A chamber for electrolysis, an air intake unit, and a control unit. In short, aluminum and water are introduced into the reaction chamber. The gallium erodes the thin oxide layer on the surface of the aluminum, allowing for it to react with water to form aluminum oxide and hydrogen gas. The resultant hydrogen gas is directed to a fuel cell where it combines with air from the atmosphere to produce electricity and water. The electricity generated is directed either to a rechargeable battery such as a lithium ion battery, or used immediately. The water generated is recycled back into the storage container containing water. The aluminum oxide gallium solution that is leftover from the reaction is then separated inside the reaction chamber, whereby the aluminum oxide is separated from the gallium and directed to a separate container that holds the aluminum oxide. The enclosed energy system can be recharged through electrolysis, whereby the Aluminum Oxide is converted back into Aluminum inside the Electrolysis chamber using electrolysis and returned to the container with Aluminum. By using inert anodes within the electrolysis process, the energy system can be cycled indefinitely. The controller unit monitors and adjusts the reactions according to the electricity demands of the user

Aluminum Gallium Water Reactor V3

This public disclosure discloses a novel reactor design specifically engineered for the controlled chemical reaction between aluminum and water in the presence of gallium, resulting in the generation of hydrogen gas and aluminum oxide. A central feature of this reactor design is a mechanical stirrer strategically positioned at the core, effectively pushing the gallium towards the reactor\u27s perimeter through centrifugal forces. This motion ensures the continuous and uniform mixing of aluminum, water, and gallium, facilitating the desired chemical reaction. Additionally, a specialized mechanism, represented as a shaftless spiral conveyor (ribbon conveyor), is integrated into the reactor\u27s central region, efficiently extracting the produced aluminum oxide from the reaction mixture using a lifting screw motion, and placing it into a separate container for aluminum oxide. Aluminum and water outlets are positioned to deposit aluminum and water to the periphery of the reactor chamber, where the gallium is located. A gallium outlet allows for the replenishment of the gallium inside of the reactor. The Hydrogen produced from the reaction is directed towards a hydrogen fuel cell where it combines with outside air to produce water and electricity. The water is then redirected back into the reactor chamber. A heater element ensures optimal temperature for the reaction to take place, making sure the solution remains above 33 degrees celsius, thus ensuring the gallium is in a liquid state (melting point of Gallium is 29.76 degrees Celsius). A controller unit adjusts the different inputs into the reaction, including the amount of aluminum, water, and gallium introduced into the reactor chamber, the speed of the stirrer and shaftless spiral conveyor, as well as the temperature of the heater element, ensuring optimal reaction conditions. The optimal ratio of Gallium to Aluminum inside the reactor is 3:1 which the controller unit tries to maintain. The reactor design presented herein offers an efficient and controllable system for the production of hydrogen gas and aluminum oxide for use in energy systems

The effect on the patient flow in local health care services after closing a suburban primary care emergency department : a controlled longitudinal follow-up study

Peer reviewe

Pain assessment in native and non-native language : difficulties in reporting the affective dimensions of pain

Background and aims: The language in assessing intensity or quality of pain has been studied but the results have been inconsistent. The physicians' language skills might affect the estimation of the severity of pain possibly leading to insufficient use of analgesics. Several interfering cultural factors have complicated studies aimed at exploring the language used to detect the quality of pain. We aimed to compare native and non-native language related qualitative aspects of pain chosen by Swedish speaking patients with diabetes. Methods: In the study participated 10 Finnish and 51 Swedish speaking patients with diabetes. The Pain Detect-questionnaire was used for clarifying the patients' pain and the mechanism of their pain (neuropathic or not) and for assessing the intensity and quality of pain. In addition, the patients completed the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (sfMPQ) in Finnish (test I). After 30 min the subjects completed the sfMPQ a second time in their native language (test H). The Swedish speakers estimated their second language, Finnish, proficiency on a 5-graded scale. Results: There were significantly more discrepancies between sfMPQ test I and test II among the Swedish speaking respondents who reported poor (hardly none) Finnish language proficiency compared with those with good Finnish proficiency. Discrepancies occurred especially between the affective qualities of pain. Conclusions: Poor second language proficiency exposes Swedish speakers to pain communication difficulties related to the affective aspects of pain. Consequently, discordant language communication could cause underestimation of the severity of pain and pain undertreatment.Peer reviewe

Painful temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and comorbidities in primary care : associations with pain-related disability

Objective: We studied whether primary care temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients reporting different levels of pain-related disability differ in terms of comorbid pains, general health conditions and quality of life. Material and methods: Consecutive TMD pain patients (n = 399) seeking treatment in primary care completed a questionnaire on comorbid pains and their interference and the Finnish version of the RAND-36-item quality of life questionnaire. Medical diagnoses confirmed by doctors were recorded. The patients were classified according to the Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS) of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD). The patients were classified: no disability group (0 disability points), low disability group (1-2 disability points) and high disability group (3-6 disability points). Results: Compared to patients in the no-disability group, patients in the high- and low-disability groups reported more comorbid pain conditions (p <.001), and experienced these as more intense and interfering more with daily life (p <.05). Patients in the high-disability group reported more general health-related medical diagnoses than patients in the no-disability group (p <.05). Furthermore, patients with low or high pain-related disability indicated poorer quality of life in all RAND-36 subscales than those with no disability (p <.05). Conclusions: The findings suggest that GCPS-related disability scoring can be used as a simple screening instrument to identify TMD patients with different degrees of health burdens.Peer reviewe