Contrasting microbiotas between Finnish and Estonian infants : exposure to Acinetobacter may contribute to the allergy gap

Background Allergic diseases are more common in Finland than in Estonia, which-according to the biodiversity hypothesis-could relate to differences in early microbial exposures. Methods We aimed at defining possible microbial perturbations preceding early atopic sensitization. Stool, nasal and skin samples of 6-month-old DIABIMMUNE study participants with HLA susceptibility to type 1 diabetes were collected. We compared microbiotas of sensitized (determined by specific IgE results at 18 months of age) and unsensitized Estonian and Finnish children. Results Sensitization was differentially targeted between populations, as egg-specific and birch pollen-specific IgE was more common in Finland. Microbial diversity and community composition also differed; the genusAcinetobacterwas more abundant in Estonian skin and nasal samples. Particularly, the strain-level profile ofAcinetobacter lwoffiiwas more diverse in Estonian samples. Early microbiota was not generally associated with later sensitization. Microbial composition tended to differ between children with or without IgE-related sensitization, but only in Finland. While land-use pattern (ie green areas vs. urban landscapes around the children's homes) was not associated with microbiota as a whole, it associated with the composition of the genusAcinetobacter. Breastfeeding affected gut microbial composition and seemed to protect from sensitization. Conclusions In accordance with the biodiversity hypothesis, our results support disparate early exposure to environmental microbes between Finnish and Estonian children and suggest a significant role of the genusAcinetobacterin the allergy gap between the two populations. The significance of the observed differences for later allergic sensitization remains open.Peer reviewe

Rhinoviruses in infancy and risk of immunoglobulin E sensitization

Previous data about the role of viruses in the development of allergic immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization are contradictory. The aim of this study was to determine the possible associations between exposure to different viruses (rhinovirus, enterovirus, norovirus, and parechovirus) during the first year of life and IgE sensitization. Viruses were analyzed from stool samples collected monthly from infants participating in a prospective birth cohort study. From that study, 244 IgE sensitized case children and 244 nonsensitized control children were identified based on their allergen-specific IgE antibody levels at the age of 6, 18, and 36 months. Stool samples (n = 4576) from the case and control children were screened for the presence of rhinovirus, enterovirus, norovirus, and parechovirus RNA by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The study showed that rhinovirus was the most prevalent virus detected, present in 921 (20%) samples. None of the viruses were associated with IgE sensitization in the full cohort but after stratifying by sex, the number of rhinovirus positive samples was inversely associated with IgE sensitization in boys (odds ratio [OR]: 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69-0.94; P = 0.006). There was also a temporal relation between rhinoviruses and IgE sensitization, as rhinovirus exposure during the first 6 months of life was associated with a reduced risk of subsequent IgE sensitization in boys (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.6-0.94; P = 0.016). In conclusion, early exposure to rhinoviruses was inversely associated with IgE sensitization but this protective association was restricted to boys.Peer reviewe

Standard of hygiene and immune adaptation in newborn infants

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Pirkanmaan valtakunnallisesti arvokkaiden maisema-alueiden päivitysinventointi : Ehdotus valtakunnallisiksi maisema-alueiksi 2013–14

Valtakunnallisesti arvokkaat maisema-alueet ovat edustavimpia maaseudun kulttuurimaisemia, joiden arvo perustuu monimuotoiseen kulttuurivaikutteiseen luontoon, hoidettuun viljelymaisemaan ja perinteiseen rakennuskantaan. Maisema-alueilla turvataan edustavien ja elinvoimaisten maaseutumaisemien säilyminen. Ympäristöministeriössä on meneillään valtakunnallisesti arvokkaiden maisema-alueiden päivitys- ja täydennysinventointi. Päivitys- ja täydennysinventoinnit toteutetaan vuosina 2010–2014 maakunnittain. Pirkanmaan valtakunnallisesti arvokkaat maisema-alueet inventoitiin vuonna 2012. Inventoitavia kohteita valittiin 34. Näistä yhdeksän oli valtakunnallisesti arvokkaita maisema-alueita ja maisemanähtävyyksiä (valtioneuvoston periaatepäätös 1995), loput maakunnallisesti arvokkaita maisema-alueita tai RKY1993 kohteita, joita ei ole sisällytetty Museoviraston RKY2009 päivitysinventoinnin kohdevalikoimaan. Inventoinnin perusteella on nyt ehdotettu kymmentä valtakunnallisesti arvokasta maisema-aluetta ja niiden lisäksi Pirkanmaan harjumaisemat -maisemanähtävyyttä. Nyt tehdyssä päivitysinventoinnissa tarkasteltiin aluevalikoimaa, alueiden arvoluokkia ja rajauksia vastaamaan uudistuneita maisemanhoidon toteuttamis- ja ohjausjärjestelmiä

Growth and development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in children genetically at risk

Aims/hypothesis: We aimed to evaluate the relationship between childhood growth measures and risk of developing islet autoimmunity (IA) and type 1 diabetes in children with an affected first-degree relative and increased HLA-conferred risk. We hypothesised that being overweight or obese during childhood is associated with a greater risk of IA and type 1 diabetes. Methods: Participants in a randomised infant feeding trial (N = 2149) were measured at 12 month intervals for weight and length/height and followed for IA (at least one positive out of insulin autoantibodies, islet antigen-2 autoantibody, GAD autoantibody and zinc transporter 8 autoantibody) and development of type 1 diabetes from birth to 10–14 years. In this secondary analysis, Cox proportional hazard regression models were adjusted for birthweight and length z score, sex, HLA risk, maternal type 1 diabetes, mode of delivery and breastfeeding duration, and stratified by residence region (Australia, Canada, Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Central Europe and the USA). Longitudinal exposures were studied both by time-varying Cox proportional hazard regression and by joint modelling. Multiple testing was considered using family-wise error rate at 0.05. Results: In the Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) population, 305 (14.2%) developed IA and 172 (8%) developed type 1 diabetes. The proportions of children overweight (including obese) and obese only were 28% and 9% at 10 years, respectively. Annual growth measures were not associated with IA, but being overweight at 2–10 years of life was associated with a twofold increase in the development of type 1 diabetes (HR 2.39; 95% CI 1.46, 3.92; p \u3c 0.001 in time-varying Cox regression), and similarly with joint modelling. Conclusions/interpretation: In children at genetic risk of type 1 diabetes, being overweight at 2–10 years of age is associated with increased risk of progression from multiple IA to type 1 diabetes and with development of type 1 diabetes, but not with development of IA. Future studies should assess the impact of weight management strategies on these outcomes. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00179777 Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.

Lasten ja nuorten liikuntakäyttäytyminen Suomessa : LIITU-tutkimuksen tuloksia 2018

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