Chromosomes in a genome-wise order: evidence for metaphase architecture

Background: One fundamental finding of the last decade is that, besides the primary DNA sequence information there are several epigenetic "information-layers" like DNA-and histone modifications, chromatin packaging and, last but not least, the position of genes in the nucleus. Results: We postulate that the functional genomic architecture is not restricted to the interphase of the cell cycle but can also be observed in the metaphase stage, when chromosomes are most condensed and microscopically visible. If so, it offers the unique opportunity to directly analyze the functional aspects of genomic architecture in different cells, species and diseases. Another aspect not directly accessible by molecular techniques is the genome merged from two different haploid parental genomes represented by the homologous chromosome sets. Our results show that there is not only a well-known and defined nuclear architecture in interphase but also in metaphase leading to a bilateral organization of the two haploid sets of chromosomes. Moreover, evidence is provided for the parental origin of the haploid grouping. Conclusions: From our findings we postulate an additional epigenetic information layer within the genome including the organization of homologous chromosomes and their parental origin which may now substantially change the landscape of genetics

Sacred Objects in Arts and Crafts of Rudolf II. Types and Iconography

When Emperor Rudolf II. moved to Prague with his court, city became one of the most important centers in Europe. The cultural aspirations of the new Emperor led to organizing a large collection with the great things from categories artificialia, naturalia, scientifica and to invitation of extraordinary craftsmen from the whole Europe. Masters of art and crafts were also invited on special decrees. Masters of art and crafts made very specific types in sacred way. Firstly there were small home altars with original commessi made by family of Castrucci and Miseroni in combination with other materials and cooperation with the other craftsmen. Further there were portrait medals by family of Abondio, gems - first of all by Ottavio Miseroni and Alessandro Masnago with assemblys by Jan Vermeyen and Andreas Osenbruck, commessi di pietre dure with sacred themes in fantastic and real landscapes by Castrucci family, plaquettes by Paulus von Vianen, statues by Ottavio Miseroni, chalices, crucifixes and monstrances. There were also very important handstones (handstein) with the sculpture solution of origin material with sacred themes. Further Emperor very appreciated original mosaics from various kinds of exotic birds with sacred themes from Mexico. This type of work has iris effect. There were also very important..

Additional file 5: Figure S4. of Chromosomes in a genome-wise order: evidence for metaphase architecture

Metaphases from ten different primate species (see also Additional file 4: Table S1) demonstrating a genome-wise sorting of the haploid chromosome sets after M-FISH showing chromosome grouping and the closer location of homologous chromosomes next to the symmetry line. (TIF 727 kb

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Chromosomes in a genome-wise order: evidence for metaphase architecture

Inverted DAPI images from 9 metaphase spreads of the normal proband from the family trio exemplify the bilateral grouping of haploid chromosome sets. These metaphases were also subjected to further analysis by pod FISH for determining the parental origin of the homologous chromosomes in the proband. (TIF 1521 kb

Additional file 7: Figure S6. of Chromosomes in a genome-wise order: evidence for metaphase architecture

Round shaped metaphase spread from Silvery Langur (TCR, Trachypithecus cristata). Measurement of DNA content by DAPI per area resulted in ~20 % independent if the whole area is counted or a pie slice reflecting a symmetric/round shaped distribution of DNA in the metaphase state of the cell cycle. (TIF 255 kb