In Vitro Comparison of the Effectiveness of Chlorhexidine and Two Calcium Hydroxide Formulations on Enterococcus Faecalis

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the effectiveness of three intracanal medicaments in disinfecting the root canal and dentin of experimentally infected human teeth with Enterococcus faecalis (EF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred extracted human single-rooted teeth were used. After root canal preparation, teeth were mounted in epoxy resin. Following sterilization, the teeth were infected for 28 days with EF. Then root canals were filled with one of three different disinfectants: viscous 2% Chlorhexidine (CHX), calcium hydroxide paste (CH) or a mixture of CH and CHX (n=30 in each group). Antimicrobial assessments were performed at 1, 3 and 7 days (n=10 in each time period). Microbial samples were obtained from root canals before and after the experiment. Also dentin samples were examined. The data was analyzed using Two- Way ANOVA test. RESULTS: The findings showed that there was no difference between experimental groups at different time periods. The mixture of CH/CHX in 7 days was able to eliminate EF completely from root canal system. The most elimination of EF was from dentinal tubules. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this in vitro study, viscous 2% CHX, mixture of CH with distilled water and 2% CHX are all effective disinfectants

The Effects of Different Dose of Chronic Ritalin on the Brain of Prepubertal Female Balb/C Mice

Background Methylphenidate (MPH) is commonly prescribed for children who have been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, the action mechanisms of methylphenidate have not been fully elucidated. Studies have shown a relationship between apoptosis signaling pathways and psychiatric disorders, as well as therapeutic targets for such disorders. So, we examined the effects of chronic methylphenidate administration on the brain of mice. Materials and Methods Animals were administered MPH at doses of 2, 5 and 10 mg/kg for 60 days.  At the age of three months and in estrous phase, brian tissues were removed and washed in cold phosphate-buffered saline and some of them were frozen at -80oC for Western blot analysis. We measured the levels of pro-apoptotic protein, Bax and anti-apoptoticprotein, Bcl-2, in the brain of neonate female Balb/c mice. The rest of the brains were fixed in formalin (10% phosphate-buffered, pH = 7.4). Then samples were embedded in paraffin according to routine histologic procedures. Results: Our results showed that MPH with a dose of 10 mg/kg causes a considerable increase in the level of the Bax protein as compared with other groups. In contrast, in the partial cortex of female mice under treatment with high dose of MPH (10 mg/kg) could less Bcl2 levels as compared with 5 mg/kg MPH. However, 5 mg/kg MPH have a significant effect on Bcl2 levels compare with each of mentioned doses (

Neuroprotective Effects of Trolox, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, and Carnosic Acid on Hippocampal Neurodegeneration After Ischemia-reperfusion Injury.

INTRODUCTION: One of the serious complications of stroke is memory impairment, which is considered as one of the complications of reperfusion of tissue. The present study was designed to compare the effect of administration of Trolox, carnosic acid and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) immediately after reperfusion of the stroke tissue on the memory and hippocampal histology. METHOD: Ischemia reperfusion model (IRI) was created by bilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery for 15 minutes and the first dose was administered immediately after reperfusion. 10 days after ischemia, passive avoidance memory test and apoptotic protein levels were evaluated. RESULTS: Cerebral Ischemia perfusion reduced the time of latency in entering the dark box in the ischemic group. Administration of Trolox and HCG increased this latency time, while treatment with carnosic acid had no effect. Also, IRI significantly reduced the number of healthy cells in the hippocampus. Administration of Trolox, carnosic acid and HCG increased the number of healthy cells and decreased the expression of Caspase-3 and Bax, but significantly increased expression of Bcl-2 compared to the ischemic group. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate the beneficial effects of HCG and Trolox on the improvement of memory and the number of healthy cells in the hippocampal region. It is worth noting that the amount of apoptosis in the hippocampus was significantly reduced by Trolox, HCG and Carnosic acid

Neuroprotective Effects of Trolox, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, and Carnosic Acid on Hippocampal Neurodegeneration After Ischemiareperfusion Injury

INTRODUCTION: One of the serious complications of stroke is memory impairment, which is considered as one of the complications of reperfusion of tissue. The present study was designed to compare the effect of administration of Trolox, carnosic acid and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) immediately after reperfusion of the stroke tissue on the memory and hippocampal histology. METHOD: Ischemia-Reperfusion Model (IRI) was created by bilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery for 15 minutes and the first dose was administered immediately after reperfusion. 10 days after ischemia, passive avoidance memory test and apoptotic protein levels were evaluated. RESULTS: Cerebral Ischemia perfusion reduced the time of latency in entering the dark box in the ischemic group. Administration of Trolox and HCG increased this latency time, while treatment with carnosic acid had no effect. Also, IRI significantly reduced the number of healthy cells in the hippocampus. Administration of Trolox, carnosic acid and HCG increased the number of healthy cells and decreased the expression of Caspase-3 and Bax, but significantly increased the expression of Bcl-2 compared to the ischemic group. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate the beneficial effects of HCG and Trolox on the improvement of memory and the number of healthy cells in the hippocampal region. It is worth noting that the amount of apoptosis in the hippocampus was significantly reduced by Trolox, HCG and Carnosic aci