The effect of acyclovir on the tubular secretion of creatinine in vitro

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>While generally well tolerated, severe nephrotoxicity has been observed in some children receiving acyclovir. A pronounced elevation in plasma creatinine in the absence of other clinical manifestations of overt nephrotoxicity has been frequently documented. Several drugs have been shown to increase plasma creatinine by inhibiting its renal tubular secretion rather than by decreasing glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Creatinine and acyclovir may be transported by similar tubular transport mechanisms, thus, it is plausible that in some cases, the observed increase in plasma creatinine may be partially due to inhibition of tubular secretion of creatinine, and not solely due to decreased GFR. Our objective was to determine whether acyclovir inhibits the tubular secretion of creatinine.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Porcine (LLC-PK1) and human (HK-2) renal proximal tubular cell monolayers cultured on microporous membrane filters were exposed to [2-¹⁴C] creatinine (5 μM) in the absence or presence of quinidine (1E+03 μM), cimetidine (1E+03 μM) or acyclovir (22 - 89 μM) in incubation medium.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Results illustrated that in evident contrast to quinidine, acyclovir did not inhibit creatinine transport in LLC-PK1 and HK-2 cell monolayers.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The results suggest that acyclovir does not affect the renal tubular handling of creatinine, and hence, the pronounced, transient increase in plasma creatinine is due to decreased GFR, and not to a spurious increase in plasma creatinine.</p

Nova prizorišča učenja v učečih se mestih – javna pedagogika ter državljanska vzgoja in izobraževanje

Although the concept of learning cities and the idea of learning being place-based and focused on a region, city, town or community have existed for a long time, it is UNESCO’s work that gave the impetus to the practice, helping to create and spread the network of Learning Cities worldwide. One of the main characteristics of the current concept is the leading role of the local government and partnership with policy makers. The paper challenges this feature with the example of cities that are “rebelling” against the local or national government, but do have learning at the core of their activities. The example of Belgrade is described in detail, where various civic actions (protests, ‘guerrilla’ actions, active participation in public discussions) are analysed from the point of view of public pedagogy. The theory of Gert Biesta and his conception of the public sphere as a space for civic action as well as Elizabeth Ellsworth’s ideas on the active creation of space are the framework in which civic actions are interpreted as important kinds of learning. Lefebvre’s concept of the “right to the city” is also applied. In this way, the whole concept of learning cities might be broadened to include cities without a harmonious relationship with its policy makers, but with strong civic movements and civic actions as a kind of non-formal learning in public spaces.Čeprav koncept učečih se mest in ideja o učenju, ki je osredinjena na prostor, torej regijo, mesto ali skupnost, obstajata že dolgo časa, je Unesco to prakso spodbudil ter pomagal ustvariti in razširiti mrežo učečih se mest po vsem svetu. Vodilna vloga lokalnih oblasti in partnerski odnos z oblikovalci politik je ena od poglavitnih značilnosti obstoječega koncepta učečih se mest, vendar v članku prek primerov učečih se mest, ki se »upirajo« lokalni ali nacionalni vladi, ob tem pa imajo v središču svojih dejavnosti učenje, spodbijamo nujnost te značilnosti za nastanek učečega se mesta. Podrobno je opisan primer Beograda in različne oblike državljanskega delovanja (protesti, »gverilsko« delovanje, aktivno sodelovanje v javnih razpravah) v tem mestu, ki so analizirane z vidika javne pedagogike. Okvir, v katerem je državljansko delovanje interpretirano kot pomemben način učenja, tvorita teorija Gerta Bieste z njegovim konceptom javne sfere kot prostora državljanskega delovanja in ideja Elizabeth Ellsworth o aktivnem ustvarjanju prostora. Prav tako je uporabljen Lefebvrov koncept »pravice do mesta«. Na ta način je mogoče idejo učečih se mest razširiti tudi na mesta, v katerih odnosi z oblikovalci politik niso harmonični, obstajajo pa močna državljanska gibanja in državljansko delovanje kot oblika neformalnega učenja v javni sferi

Bakterioze krompira - crna trulež prizemnog dela stabla ('crna noga') i vlažna trulež krtola krompira

Bacterial diseases are very common in potato crops, especially when weather conditions are favourable for the emergence and spread of infection. Bacteria belonging to the Pectobacterium and Dickeya genera, the causal agents of the blackleg and tuber soft rot of potato, are economically important pathogens that affect potato production worldwide, as well as in our country. According to recent classification, pectolytic bacteria, the pathogens of potato, have been differentiated as Pectobacterium atrosepticum, P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense, P. wasabiae and several Dickeya spp. The disease occurs on potato plants and tubers in the field, or during potato storage or transportation, thereby reducing yield and quality. The aim of this paper is to point to the distribution and economic importance of the blackleg and tuber soft rot of potato, as well as the characteristics of the pathogens. Information about symptoms and epidemiology of the disease are important for an accurate disease diagnosis and pathogen identification, contributing to the timely and successful protection strategy.Oboljenja bakteriozne prirode veoma su česta u usevima krompira, posebno kada vremenski uslovi pogoduju nastanku i širenju infekcije. Među ekonomski značajnim bakterijama koje ugrožavaju proizvodnju krompira u svetu i u našoj zemlji, izdvajaju se prouzrokovači crne truleži prizemnog dela stabla ('crna noga') i vlažne truleži krtola krompira, pripadnici rodova Pectobacterium i Dickeya. Prema najnovijoj klasifikaciji, pektolitičke bakterije, patogeni krompira, diferencirane su u vrste Pectobacterium atrosepticum, P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense, P. wasabiae i nekoliko Dickeya spp. Bolest se može pojaviti na biljkama i krtolama u polju ili na krtolama tokom transporta i u skladištu, umanjujući prinos useva i kvalitet krtola. Cilj ovog rada je da se prikaže rasprostranjenost i ekonomski značaj crne truleži prizemnog dela stabla i vlažne truleži krtola krompira, kao i osnovne karakteristike patogena. Poznavanje simptomatologije i epidemiologije oboljenja je od posebnog značaja za pravilnu dijagnozu oboljenja i identifikaciju patogena, što doprinosi pravovremenoj i uspešnoj zaštiti

Transformative learning potential in recreational running groups in Serbia

Pojava sportskih i rekreativnih društveno aktivnih grupa globalni je fenomen - ima ih mnogo, a njihov angažman je sve značajniji. Specifičnost tih grupa čine njihove aktivnosti u vezi sa lokalnim problemima i njihov uticaj na promene u lokalnoj zajednici. Ovaj rad pokazuje da angažman u takvim grupama nosi značajan potencijal i za transformativno učenje pojedinca, prenošenjem određenih vrednosti i shvatanja na svoje članove. Za istraživanje procesa transformativnog učenja kod pojedinaca, pripadnika timova, urađena je studija slučaja, podaci su prikupljeni uz pomoć intervjua i mreže repertoara, a obrada podataka je urađena pomoću analize narativa. U prvom delu istraživanja pokazuje se da se transformacija zaista dogodila, dok se u drugom delu objašnjava do kakve vrste promene je došlo i na koji način.Sports and recreational groups that are engaged in social activism are a global phenomenon nowadays - there are many of them, and their engagement is continually gaining importance. Although inspired by a broader vision, such groups organize activities relevant for the problems of the people in local communities and they may affect changes in these communities. This paper demonstrates that the engagement in such recreational groups has significant potential for transformative learning - not only at the level of the community, but at an individual level too, by transferring certain values and points of view to its members. A case study was conducted to explore the process of transformative learning of individual team members. Data was collected through interviews and network repertoire, and an analysis of the results was performed using the analysis of narrative. The first part of the research demonstrates that the transformation really took place, whereas the second part explains the kind of change that occurred and the manner in which it came to be

Design Aspects of Hip Implant Made of Ti-6Al-4V Extra Low Interstitials Alloy

The main concerns in design of hip implants are fracture and fatigue related issues. In this paper, reverse engineering is used to redesign a hip implant produced by precision casting, using Ti6Al4V Extra Low Interstitials (ELI) alloy. As the most critical part, hip neck has been in the focus of this analysis, keeping in mind that the lower the thickness is, the higher the movement of joint may be, but affecting its structural integrity at the same time. Thus, 5 different models are created with different neck thickness and analyzed by using the Finite Element Method (FEM) for stress-strain calculation and extended FEM (XFEM) for fatigue crack growth

Integrity assessment of reverse engineered ti-6al-4v eli total hip replacement implant

Total hip replacement implants are used as an artificial replacement for disfunctional hips in order to sustain joint movement. Chosen material and design of total hip replacement are the most influential factors for artificial joint utilization. Selected total hip replacement is obtained by precision casting method, made from Ti6Al4V ELI (Extra Low Interstitials) alloy. In order to acquire a geometrical model of chosen implant, the 3D scanner is used and an obtained point cloud (PC), then exploited for reverse engineering to a CAD model. The neck thickness of implant affects angle of movement of the joint and structural integrity. Reducing the thickness of the neck section results in higher movement of the joint, but inversely affects its structural integrity. The 3D scanned implant has a neck thickness of 14.6 mm, and data from literature suggest that the best movement angle is for 9 mm thickness of the implant. In order to redesign the available implant, five different models with a neck thickness between 9 and 14.6 mm are made. Obtained results show the thickness effects the stress distribution in a critical area

Design Aspects of Hip Implant Made of Ti-6Al-4V Extra Low Interstitials Alloy

The main concerns in design of hip implants are fracture and fatigue related issues. In this paper, reverse engineering is used to redesign a hip implant produced by precision casting, using Ti6Al4V Extra Low Interstitials (ELI) alloy. As the most critical part, hip neck has been in the focus of this analysis, keeping in mind that the lower the thickness is, the higher the movement of joint may be, but affecting its structural integrity at the same time. Thus, 5 different models are created with different neck thickness and analyzed by using the Finite Element Method (FEM) for stress-strain calculation and extended FEM (XFEM) for fatigue crack growth

Diferencijacija Pseudomonas syringae patogenih varijeteta poreklom iz koštičavih voćaka

Due to an overlapping host range, similar symptomatology and many common characteristics, Pseudomonas syringae pathovars originating from stone fruits can easily be misidentified. In order to select tests for rapid and efficient differentiation of P. s. pvs. syringae, morsprunorum and persicae, we studied the suitability and differentiating potential of some standard bacteriological and molecular methods. Differentiation of the strains was performed using LOPAT, GATTa and ice nucleation tests, nutrient sucrose broth growth and utilization of various carbon sources. PCR method enabled the detection of toxin-producing genes: syrB and syrD in P. s. pv. syringae, and cfl gene in P. s. pv. morsprunorum race 1. Syringomycin production by pv. syringae was confirmed in bioassay using Geotrichum candidum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodotorula pilimanae as indicator organisms. Pathogenicity test on lemon and immature nectarine fruits, as well as on string bean pods, showed different intensity of reaction of the inoculated material which could separate pv. syringae from the other two pathovars. PCR-based repetitive sequences, Rep-PCR with REP, ERIC and BOX primers revealed different genetic profiles within P. syringae pathovars.Patogeni varijeteti Pseudomonas syringae poreklom sa koštičavih voćaka poseduju brojne zajedničke karakteristike u pogledu kruga domaćina, simptomatologije i biohemijskofizioloških osobina, što otežava njihovu identifikaciju. U cilju odabira testova pogodnih za brzu i pouzdanu identifikaciju P. s. pv. syringae, morsprunorum i persicae, primenjeni su standardni bakteriološki i molekularni testovi. Diferencijacija sojeva izvršena je LOPAT i GATTa testovima, posmatranjem razvoja u hranljivom rastvoru sa saharozom, sposobnošću sojeva da formiraju čestice leda, kao i mogućnošću korišćenja različitih ugljenikovih jedinjenja. PCR metod korišćen je u detekciji gena odgovornih za proizvodnju toksina siringomicina kod soja P. s. pv. syringae (syrB i syrD geni) i koronatina kod soja P. s. pv. morsprunorum rase 1 (cfl gen). Proizvodnja siringomicina potvrđena je i biotestom, korišćenjem gljiva Geotrichum candidum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae i Rhodotorula pilimanae kao indikatora. Proverom patogenosti sojeva na plodovima limuna, nesazrelim plodovima nektarine i mahunama boranije, došlo je do ispoljavanja simptoma različitog intenziteta, na osnovu kojih se može izdvojiti pv. syringae od ostala dva patovara. Primenom Rep-PCR metode, uz korišćenje REP, ERIC i BOX prajmera, ustanovljene su razlike u genetskim profilima proučavanih P. syringae patogenih varijeteta

Numerical analysis of stress distribution in total hip replacement implant

Total hip replacement implants represent permanent implants and require large bone and cartilage removal during implantation. Revision would affect joint capability to sustain load, which makes this procedure irreversible. During exploitation, i.e. everyday activities, implants are subjected to dynamic loading. Thereby, these structures are prone to failure by fatigue. Highest stress states on total hip replacement implants are present in the neck area of the implant, which is a position of crack initiation. Under loading the implant neck exhibits tension and compression zones. Crack initiation in the neck side under tension would lead to crack opening and certain fracture. Implants are examined by experimental and numerical methods. The most common numerical method is finite element method (FEM) used to simulate different loading conditions. In this paper numerical analysis of stress distribution in the neck area is performed on a specific implant. Four numerical models are created in order to show how certain design solutions influence the stress distribution in the neck area

Numerical analysis of stress distribution in total hip replacement implant

Total hip replacement implants represent permanent implants and require large bone and cartilage removal during implantation. Revision would affect joint capability to sustain load, which makes this procedure irreversible. During exploitation, i.e. everyday activities, implants are subjected to dynamic loading. Thereby, these structures are prone to failure by fatigue. Highest stress states on total hip replacement implants are present in the neck area of the implant, which is a position of crack initiation. Under loading the implant neck exhibits tension and compression zones. Crack initiation in the neck side under tension would lead to crack opening and certain fracture. Implants are examined by experimental and numerical methods. The most common numerical method is finite element method (FEM) used to simulate different loading conditions. In this paper numerical analysis of stress distribution in the neck area is performed on a specific implant. Four numerical models are created in order to show how certain design solutions influence the stress distribution in the neck area