O ensino da biologia numa perspectiva por pesquisa : contributos de uma investigação preliminar no ensino secundário

De entre as várias perspectivas para o Ensino das Ciências, o "ensino por pesquisa" (EPP) tem sido aquela que, nos últimos tempos, reúne consenso alargado em relação às suas potencialidades na construção de conhecimentos, contribuindo positivamente para a formação pessoal e social dos alunos. Neste estudo, de carácter preliminar, pretende-se fazer uma análise ao desenvolvimento, por parte de alunos do ensino secundário, de conhecimentos conceptuais, processuais e atitudinais, em todos os momentos do EPP. Uma primeira análise aos dados recolhidos faz emergir alguns indicadores que apontam para a eficácia de uma estratégia de ensino e de aprendizagem baseada na perspectiva de EPP

Initial placement of fingers and vectors of subsequent coordinated movements in evaluated modifications of MPP.

<p>Initial placement of fingers and vectors of subsequent coordinated movements in evaluated modifications of MPP.</p

Direct comparison between perineal tensions of a variety of MPP simulations with respect to different sizes of the fetal head and between normal fetal head expulsion without any intervention.

<p>The maximum tension during the "hands-off" simulation with normal fetal head is the referrential tension, hence the proportion for this simulation is 1.00. The lower the number the higher the efficiency of the simulated intervention.</p

The most effective modification of VMPP calculated from numerical model during the expulsion of an average-sized fetal head.

<p>NB The initial position of fingers is 12 cm apart and 2 cm anteriorly from the posterior fourchette (Fig 1A). The fingers, still in contact with the perineal skin, are subsequently moved from each side 1 cm towards the midline. No movement in an antero-posterior dimension is performed (Fig 1B).</p

The order of effectiveness of VMPP modifications (in brackets), relative perineal tension at the fourchette during expulsion of small, normal and large fetal head.

<p>The relative perineal tissue tension provided in percentage with the pre-set maximum tension in the "hands-off" model at 100% and the pre-set tension at rest at 0%.</p

Mid-sagittal plane of the segment of the perineum during the "hands-off" simulation and stress distribution in the tissue at the moment of fetal head expulsion with areas where the tension exceeded 20%, 40% and 60% of the maximum tension (i.e. 100%).

<p>Mid-sagittal plane of the segment of the perineum during the "hands-off" simulation and stress distribution in the tissue at the moment of fetal head expulsion with areas where the tension exceeded 20%, 40% and 60% of the maximum tension (i.e. 100%).</p

Demographics and delivery characteristics separately among women with first vaginal singleton births including women with first vaginal birth after a prior caesarean section and second or subsequent vaginal births with and without OASIS from 2004–2011 in Finland.

<p>*Chi Square or Mann Whitney U –test.</p><p>Demographics and delivery characteristics separately among women with first vaginal singleton births including women with first vaginal birth after a prior caesarean section and second or subsequent vaginal births with and without OASIS from 2004–2011 in Finland.</p

Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of OASIS among women with first vaginal singleton births including women with first vaginal birth after a prior caesarean section (n = 131,006) and among women with second or subsequent births (n = 172,710) in 2004–2011 in Finland (logistic regression analysis).

<p>CI = confidence interval, NA = not applicable.</p><p>Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of OASIS among women with first vaginal singleton births including women with first vaginal birth after a prior caesarean section (n = 131,006) and among women with second or subsequent births (n = 172,710) in 2004–2011 in Finland (logistic regression analysis).</p

Demographics and delivery characteristics for women with matched baseline risk of OASIS with and without episiotomy separately for women with first vaginal singleton births including women with first vaginal birth after a prior caesarean section and second or subsequent vaginal births in 2004–2011 in Finland.

<p>SD = standard deviation.</p><p>Demographics and delivery characteristics for women with matched baseline risk of OASIS with and without episiotomy separately for women with first vaginal singleton births including women with first vaginal birth after a prior caesarean section and second or subsequent vaginal births in 2004–2011 in Finland.</p

Demographics and delivery characteristics among women with first vaginal singleton births including women with first vaginal births after a prior caesarean section and among women with second or subsequent vaginal births with and without episiotomy from 2004–2011 in Finland.

<p>*Chi Square or Student’s t -test.</p><p>Demographics and delivery characteristics among women with first vaginal singleton births including women with first vaginal births after a prior caesarean section and among women with second or subsequent vaginal births with and without episiotomy from 2004–2011 in Finland.</p