28 research outputs found
A Study of the Effect of Bulges on Bar Formation in Disk galaxies
We use N-body simulations of bar formation in isolated galaxies to study the
effect of bulge mass and bulge concentration on bar formation. Bars are global
disk instabilities that evolve by transferring angular momentum from the inner
to outer disks and to the dark matter halo. It is well known that a massive
spherical component such as halo in a disk galaxy can make it bar stable. In
this study we explore the effect of another spherical component, the bulge, on
bar formation in disk galaxies. In our models we vary both the bulge mass and
concentration. We have used two sets of models, one that has a dense bulge and
high surface density disk. The second model has a less concentrated bulge and a
lighter disk. In both models we vary the bulge to disk mass fraction from 0 to
0.7. Simulations of both the models show that there is an upper cutoff in bulge
to disk mass ratio M b /M d above which bars cannot form; the cutoff is smaller
for denser bulges( M b /M d = 0.2) compared to less denser ones (M b /M d =
0.5). We define a new criteria for bar formation in terms of bulge to disk
radial force ratio (F b /F d ) at the disk scale lengths above which bars
cannot form. We find that if F b /F d > 0.35, a disk is stable and a bar cannot
form. Our results indicate that early type disk galaxies can still form strong
bars in spite of having massive bulges.Comment: Accepted at MNRAS,12 pages, 19 figure
Effects of Inner Halo Angular Momentum on the Peanut/X-shapes of Bars
Cosmological simulations show that dark matter halos surrounding baryonic
disks have a wide range of angular momenta, measured by the spin parameter
(). In this study, we bring out the importance of inner angular
momentum(30 kpc), measured in terms of the halo spin parameter, on the
secular evolution of the bar using N-body simulations. We have varied the halo
spin parameter from 0 to 0.1 for co-rotating (prograde) spinning
halos and one counter-rotating (retrograde) halo spin (=-0.1) with
respect to the disk. We report that as the halo spin increases, the buckling is
also triggered earlier and is followed by a second buckling phase in high-spin
halo models. The timescale for the second buckling is significantly longer than
the first buckling. We find that bar strength does not reduce significantly
after the buckling in all of our models, which provides new insights about the
role of inner halo angular momentum, unlike previous studies. Also, the buckled
bar can still transfer significant angular momentum to the halo in the secular
evolution phase, but it reduces with increasing halo spin. In the secular
evolution phase, the bar strength increases and saturates to nearly equal
values for all the models irrespective of halo spin and the sense of rotation
with respect to the disk. The final boxy/peanut shape is more pronounced
(20 ) in high spin halos having higher angular momentum in the inner
region compared to non-rotating halos. We explain our results with angular
momentum exchanges between the disk and halo.Comment: 14 pages,13 figures, 2 tables; Accepted for publication in Ap
Modelling Dark Matter Halo Spin using Observations and Simulations: application to UGC 5288
Dark matter (DM) halo properties are extensively studied in cosmological
simulations but are very challenging to estimate from observations. The DM halo
density profile of observed galaxies is modelled using multiple probes that
trace the dark matter potential. However, the angular momentum distribution of
DM halos is still a subject of debate. In this study we investigate a method
for estimating the halo spin and halo concentration of low surface brightness
(LSB), gas-rich dwarf barred galaxy UGC 5288, by forward modelling disk
properties derived from observations - stellar and gas surface densities, disk
scale length, HI rotation curve, bar length and bar ellipticity. We combine
semi-analytical techniques, N-body/SPH and cosmological simulations to model
the DM halo of UGC 5288 with both a cuspy Hernquist profile and a flat-core
pseudo-isothermal profile. We find that the best match with observations is a
pseudo-isothermal halo model with a core radius of kpc, and halo
spin of = 0.08 at the virial radius. Although our findings are
consistent with previous core radius estimates of the halo density profile of
UGC 5288, as well as with the halo spin profiles of similar mass analogues of
UGC5288 in the high-resolution cosmological-magneto-hydrodynamical simulation
TNG50, there still remain some uncertainties as we are limited in our knowledge
of the formation history of the galaxy. Additionally, we find that the inner
halo spin ( kpc) in barred galaxies is different from the unbarred
ones, and the halo spin shows weak correlations with bar properties.Comment: 29 pages including Appendix, 28 figures, accepted in MNRAS, comments
are welcome from the communit
Testing a theoretical prediction for bar formation in galaxies with bulges
Earlier studies have shown that massive bulges impede bar formation in disk
galaxies. Recent N-body simulations have derived a bar formation criterion that
depends on the radial bulge force in a galaxy disk. We use those simulations to
show that bars can form only when the force constant FB < 0.13, where FB
depends on the ratio of the bulge force to the total force of the galaxy at
twice the disk scale length 2R d . In this article, we test this theoretical
prediction using observational data obtained from the literature. Our sample
consists of 63 barred galaxies with a wide range of Hubble classes from the S 4
G catalogue for which bulge, disk and bar decomposition has been done. We find
that 92 % of our sample galaxies satisfy the condition FB < 0.13 for bar
formation in galaxies and hence agree with the bar formation criterion given by
the simulations.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in A&
Excitation of vertical breathing motion in disc galaxies by tidally-induced spirals in fly-by interactions
It is now clear that the stars in the Solar neighbourhood display large-scale coherent vertical breathing motions. At the same time, Milky Way-like galaxies experience tidal interactions with satellites/companions during their evolution. While these tidal interactions can excite vertical oscillations, it is still not clear whether vertical breathing motions are excited directly by the tidal encounters or are driven by the tidally-induced spirals. We test whether excitation of breathing motions are directly linked to tidal interactions by constructing a set of N-body models (with mass ratio 5:1) of unbound single fly-by interactions with varying orbital configurations. We first reproduce the well-known result that such fly-by interactions can excite strong transient spirals (lasting for ∼2.9−4.2Gyr) in the outer disc of the host galaxy. The generation and strength of the spirals are shown to vary with the orbital parameters (the angle of interaction, and the orbital spin vector). Furthermore, we demonstrate that our fly-by models exhibit coherent breathing motions whose amplitude increases with height. The amplitudes of breathing motions show characteristic modulation along the azimuthal direction with compressing breathing motions coinciding with the peaks of the spirals and expanding breathing motions falling in the inter-arm regions – a signature of a spiral-driven breathing motion. These breathing motions in our models end when the strong tidally-induced spiral arms fade away. Thus, it is the tidally-induced spirals which drive the large-scale breathing motions in our fly-by models, and the dynamical role of the tidal interaction in this context is indirect
Methanolic extract of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees leaf induces apoptosis in cancer cells
Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees is a medicinal herb commonly used in traditional folk medicine, and it is known to possess anticancer activity. Here, we explored the anticancer properties of methanolic extract of P. thyrsiflorus leaves in HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines. We observed nuclear fragmentation as indication of apoptosis in the MPT treated cancer cells using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) as well as fluorescent dye. DNA from the treated cells showed characteristic laddering of DNA fragments in agarose gel electrophoresis. Cell populations undergoing secondary necrosis following apoptosis could also be detected in FACS by annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining. Activated caspase-3 in the treated HeLa cells was detected by polyclonal anti-caspase-3 antibody utilizing immunocytochemistry. Using transmission electron microscopy, sub-cellular changes like rough endoplasmic reticulum, swollen mitochondria, distorted mitochondrial membrane, loss of cristae and matrix were observed in the treated HeLa cells. Extensive plasma membrane blebbing was also observed by scanning electron microscopy. Our findings support that Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus leaves are natural source of potent anticancer agent
Methanolic extract of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees leaf induces apoptosis in cancer cells
153-161Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees is a medicinal herb commonly used in traditional folk medicine, and it is known to possess anticancer activity. Here, we explored the anticancer properties of methanolic extract of P. thyrsiflorus leaves in HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines. We observed nuclear fragmentation as indication of apoptosis in the MPT treated cancer cells using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) as well as fluorescent dye. DNA from the treated cells showed characteristic laddering of DNA fragments in agarose gel electrophoresis. Cell populations undergoing secondary necrosis following apoptosis could also be detected in FACS by annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining. Activated caspase-3 in the treated HeLa cells was detected by polyclonal anti-caspase-3 antibody utilizing immunocytochemistry. Using transmission electron microscopy, sub-cellular changes like rough endoplasmic reticulum, swollen mitochondria, distorted mitochondrial membrane, loss of cristae and matrix were observed in the treated HeLa cells. Extensive plasma membrane blebbing was also observed by scanning electron microscopy. Our findings support that Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus leaves are natural source of potent anticancer agent
Growth of disc-like pseudo-bulges in SDSS DR7 since z = 0.1
Cosmological simulations predict more classical bulges than their
observational counterpart in the local Universe. Here, we quantify evolution of
the bulges since using photometric parameters of nearly 39,000 unbarred
disc galaxies from SDSS DR7 which are well represented by two components. We
adopted a combination of the S\'ersic index and Kormendy relation to separate
classical bulges and disc-like pseudo-bulges. We found that the fraction of
pseudo-bulges (classical bulges) smoothly increases (decreases) as the Universe
gets older. In the history of the Universe, there comes a point () when classical bulges and pseudo-bulges become equal in number. The
fraction of pseudo-bulges rises with increasing bulge to disc half-light radius
ratio until R/R suggesting concentrated disc
is the most favourable place for pseudo-bulge formation. The mean ellipticity
of pseudo-bulges is always greater than that of classical bulges and it
decreases with decreasing redshift indicating that the bulges tend to be more
axisymmetric with evolution. Also, the massive bulges are progressing towards
axisymmetry at steeper rate than the low-mass bulges. There is no tight
correlation of bulge S\'ersic index evolution with other photometric properties
of the galaxy. Using the sample of multi-component fitting of data and
body galaxy models, we have verified that our results are consistent or
even more pronounced with multi-component fitting and high-resolution
photometry.Comment: 16 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA