Machine Learning based on Probabilistic Models Applied to Medical Data: The Case of Prostate Cancer

The growth in the amount of data in companies puts analysts in difficulties when extracting hidden knowledge from data. Several models have emerged that focus on the notion of distances while ignoring the notion of conditional probability density. This research study focuses on segmentation using mixture models and Bayesian networks for medical data mining. As enterprise data becomes large, there is a way to apply data mining methods to make sense of it using classification methods. We designed different models with different architectures and then applied these models to the medical database. The algorithms were implemented for the real data. The objective is to classify individuals according to the conditional probability density of random variables, in addition to identifying causalities between traits from tests of conditional independence and a correlation measure, both based on χ2. After a quick illustration of several models (decision tree, SVM, K-means, Bayes), we applied our method to data from an epidemiological study (done at the University of Kinshasa University clinics) of case-control of prostate cancer. Thus, we found after interpretation of the results followed by discussion that our model allows us to classify a new individual with an accuracy of 96%

FRESENIUS ENVIRONMENTAL BULLETIN

The present study aims to investigate the possible impact of aquatic pollution of Izmir Bay on resident fish. Gobius niger were sampled from two stations of the Izmir Bay, and gills and liver were examined histopathologically. The presence of pathological lesions in gills and liver of the fish as possible result of pollutant exposure was evaluated by semiquantitative analyses. The only histopathological changes found were hyperplasia, hypertrophy (12.5%, 18.8%), epithelial degeneration (18.8%, 25%) in gill and fatty livers (12.5%, 25%) of the fishes from both study sites, respectively. The moderate manifestation of pathological lesions in organs of Gobius niger from the presumably Bostanli site may be either the result of substantial protective and detoxification capabilities of this fish species, or from recent measures to reduce water pollution in Izmir Bay such as the installment of wastewater treatment plants

Midye (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck)'de Cr birimi ve kaybının araştırılması

AB STRAIT Bu araştırmanın amacı Mytilus galloprovincialis (Midye) türünde kromun birikim ve kaybının belirlenmesi ve organlarda Cr birikiminin tesbit edilmesidir. Birikim denemeleri 13 gün. kayıp denemeleri 15 gün süreyle yapılmış birikim denemeleri süresince gün aşırı ortam sxiyu yenilenerek akvaryuma 3' er mg Cr/lt (Cr*3 ve Cr+6) ilave edilmiştir. 15 günlük birikim denemesi sonunda organlarda Cr(VI) birikimi en çok bysus ve ayakta, Cr(III) birikimi ise bysus ve hepatopankreasta tesbit edilmiştir. ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to determine the uptake and loss of chromium of llytilus galloprovincialis and several tissues of Cr accumulation experiments and loss experiments have been carried on 13 days and 15 days. Cr+6 and Cr+3 are added in aquarium and the sea water was changed twice daily during accumulation experiments. At the and of accumulation for 15 days in tissues most of the Cr+6 accumulation as in bysus and foot and also determined Cr+3 accumulation as in bysus and hepatopancreas

Light microscobic investigationof of the possible toxic effect on the gill of black goby (gobius niger) living in İzmir bay

Amaç: Sudaki kirleticiler gelisim sırasında birikim yolu ile doku hasarı olusturarak doğa insan ve hayvan sağlığı üremesi için tehdit olusturmaktadır. Çalısmada, Đzmir körfezinden toplanan indikatör Gobius balıklarında histopatolojik çalısma ile toksisitenin solungaç dokusundaki etkisinin arastırlması ve beslenme yolu ile sıçanlara olan yansıması amaçlanmıstır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Kirliliğinin çevre sağlığına olan etkilerini belirlememek için Đzmir körfezinin temiz ve kirli bölgeleri olarak farklı iki bölgesinden toplanan kaya balıklarının (Gobius niger) solungaç dokuları çıkarılarak formaldehit fiksasyonunu takiben parafin bloklandı ve alınan kesitler hematoksilen – eosin ile boyandı. Disseksiyon mikroskobu ile makroskobik, ısık mikroskobu ile histolojik görüntüler bilgisayar ortamına aktarılarak, skorlama ve morfometrik analizleri yapıldı. Balıklar öğütülerek sıçanların sularına karıstırılıp, gebe kalma, doğurma ve doğan yavruların 3 aylık büyümeleri izlendi. Bulgular: Toksik etkiden en fazla etkilenmesi beklenen solungaçların, minimal düzeyde epitel ve lameller hasar gösterdiği yapısal değisiklikler, eğer teknik nedenlerle olusmadı iseler temizlenmekte olan Đzmir körfezinde hala kirliliğin varlığına isaret edebilir. Bu balıklarla beslenen sıçanların gebe kalmalarında, gelismelerinde, doğan yavruların gelisimlerinde, ergenliğinde ve üreme yeteneklerinde hiçbir patoloji saptanmaması bu kirliliğin önemi olmadığını göstermektedir. Sonuç: Solungaç dokusu incelenen balıklarda toksik etkinin minimal değisiklikler olarak gözlenmesi hala çevre kirliliğinin varlığına isaret etmekte, sediment örnekleri ve dokuda toksik madde birikimi verileri ile doğrulanması gerekmektedir. Bu balıklarla beslenmis sıçanlarda hem gebelikte hem de gelisimde patolojiye rastlanmaması, balıkta saptanan minimal toksik etkinin insan sağlığına tehdit olusturmadığını düsündürmektedir. Bu tür çalısmaların daha ileri tekniklerle gelistirilmesi, çevre kirliliğinin biyolojik canlılara ve beslenmede oynadığı rol nedeniyle insan sağlığına etkilerinin anlasılmasına büyük yararlar sağlayacaktır.Aim : It is known that toxicants can accumulate in tissues during growth of aquatic organisms by bioaccumulation and often is biomagnified in the food chain interfering with the health and reproduction of both animals and humans. In the present study, the effects of these possible toxicants on the gill of the black goby and their possible contamination to the rats by food supply were examined. Material-method : The gill of black goby caught at two different sites, a clean and a polluted region of the Izmir Bay were examined to investigate the effects of pollution on environmental health of the Bay. The morphology and histology of gills were evaluated under a dissection microscope using formalin-fixed sections stained with H&E. Data was input to the statistical software and analyzed for scoring and morphometry. Fish were chopped, passed through mixer and put into rat’s drinking water and the development of the offsprings was examined for possible toxic effects. Results : The structural changes of gill exhibited minimal lesions which may originate from pollutants, because they are in direct contact with their environment. The presence of minimal lesions such as epithelial and lamellar damage may be the indicators of environmental pollution in the Izmir Bay if they were not technical errors Supplementation of food with these fish did not result in any toxic effect in rats as manifested by weight gain, development of offspring and fertility. Conclusion: Minimal changes seen in gill tissue may suggest the possible environmental pollution in Izmir Bay. This observation must be confirmed and evaluated with sediment data and accumulation studies. Gobius living in sediment is a helpful indicator for the economic species. Therefore, supplementation of the rat food with this fish would be useful to understand the toxic effects of pollution in human health associated with ingesting contaminated food. Our results showed that there was no sign of this toxic effect observed during pregnancy, developmental stages, mature rats and their offspring. These results require confirmation with advanced molecular techniques to understand the safety of Bay fish on human health

Sucul canlıların kan parametreleri üzerine kirliliğin etkileri

ABSTRACT THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON BLOOD PARAMETERS OF AQUATIC ORGANEMS KATALAY,Selma Ph.D in Fishery Facuit Supervisor: Prof Dr.Hatice Parlak January, 1998, 75 pages In this study, the paramaters ( white blood cells, red blood cells, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, platelet) of blood samples of Gobius mger collected from several selected stations of Izmir Bay has been measured. The statatistically important differences had been found between the measured white blood cells, haemoglobin, haemotocrit, mean cell haemoglobin concentrations of different stations. Additionally, accumulation tests for 24 days have been performed to detect the effects of cadmium on the blood values of G.niger species, in the laboratory conditions. The blood parameters of Grriger exposed to cadmium have been measured. It has been suggested that there was no statistical differences among the measured parameters. In the microscopical studies, some histopathological changes due to the environmental conditions have been observed. An increasement of immature red blood cells has been observed due to the environmental pollution.. Ovoid shape seen in the normal red blood cells have been transformed totally and a marked increasement of degenerated red blood cells is obvious. The membranes and ovoid shape of the nuclei seen in the the normal red blood cells has been changed fusiform and spheric shape and echinoid view.Dense and compact lymphocytes have been observed instead of small and spheric lymphocytes of the normal lymph. Keywords: blood parameters, Gobius niger, cadmiumÖZET SUCUL CANLILARIN KAN PARAMETRELERİ ÜZERİNE KİRLİLİĞİN ETKİLERİ KATALAY, Selma Doktora tezi Su Ürünleri AnabilimDah Tez Yöneticisi : Prof. Dr. Hatice PARLAK Ocak, 1998, 75 sayfa Bu çalışmada, izmir Körfezi'nin çeşitli yerlerinden seçilmiş istasyonlardan toplanan Gobius niger (kömürcü kaya balıklan)'den alman kan örneklerinin kan parametreleri (beyaz kan hücreleri= lökosit, kırmızı kan hücreleri= eritrosit, hemoglobin, hematokrit, ortalama hücre hacmi, ortalama hücre hemoglobini, ortalama hücre hemoglobin konsantrasyonu, trombosit) ölçülmüştür. İstasyonlar arasında, beyaz kan hücreleri, hemoglobin, hematokrit ve ortalama hücre hemoglobin konsantrasyonlarında istatistiksel açıdan önemli farklılıklar olduğu gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca laboratuvar çalışmalarında Gobius niger (kömürcü kaya balıklan ) türünde kadmiyumun bazı kan parametreleri üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 24 gün süreyle birikim denemeleri sürdürülmüştür. Kadmiyuma maruz bırakılan Gobius niger' den alman kan parametreleri ölçülmüştür. Kan değerlerinde istatistiksel açıdan önemli farklılık gözlenmemiştir. Yapılan mikroskobik çalışmalar sonunda kirliliğin etkisi sonucu bazı histopatolojik değişiklikler ortaya çıkanlmıştır. Kirliliğe bağlı olarak fusiform ve küresel şekilli eritrosit sayısında artış gözlenmiştir. Normal kırmızı kan hücrelerinde gözlenen oval şekilli eritrositler tamamen değişime uğramıştır ve dejenere olmuş eritrosit sayısında artış gözlenmiştir. Normal olarak, oval sekili hücre çeperi ile oval ve yassı şekilli nukleuslar değişikliğe uğrayarak fusiform ve küresel şekil almıştır. Hücreler dikensi bir yapı kazanmıştır. Normal beyaz kan hücre yapısmda karekteristik olarak gördüğümüz küçük ve sferik şekilli lenfositler yerine anormal, kalın ve yoğun lenfositler gözlenmiştir

EKOLOJI

The water of Nif Brook (Izmir, Turkey) is polluted by industrial, domestic, and agricultural sources. As the water of the brook is used for domestic and industrial water supply as well as for irrigation, it is of great importance to know the toxicity potential for the natural populations. For this purpose the standard test. protocol for the short term phytotoxicity test method OECD 201 Algal Growth Inhibition has been evaluated with cultures of green algae Desmodesmus (=Scenedesmus) subspicatus as the representative of the first trophic level. The test has been used to assess the toxicity of both water and sediment samples from the brook. Five sampling sites from the brook were selected considering the type of pollution sources. The water samples were tested with 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 % dilutions in a test medium. Extracts of sediment samples were assayed in three different concentrations (20, 40 and 100 mg/mL). The effects on the growth of D. subspicatus were evaluated by scoring cell numbers under the light microscope with a Neubauer haemocytometer counting chamber. According to the results, the water samples stimulated the algal growth (except station 1); although all sediment samples inhibited the growth of populations, in several grades

FRESENIUS ENVIRONMENTAL BULLETIN

In the present study, the histological examination of the hepatopancreas (digestive gland) and gills of black mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis was performed as a part of the biomonitoring programs carried out to assess the biological effects of the Izmir Bay (Western coast of Turkey). Mussels collected from five stations; Urla in the outer Bay and Inciralti, Goztepe, Konak, Pasaport in the inner Bay of Izmir Bay. While normal histology on hepatopancreas tissue was observed in Urla samples, vacuolar degenerations and hemocytic infiltrations were abundant in hepatopancreas throughout the other four stations. Also breakdown of digestive epithelium was determined in only Pasaport station. In gill tissues, while hemocytic infiltration was observed in Urla samples, gradually increasing cilia erosion, fusion, cell loss and necrosis was observed in Inciralti, Goztepe, Konak, Pasaport samples. Lumen was determined as normal in Urla and Goztepe samples and enlarged in Inciralti samples. The lumen in each filament was thinner and in some parts adjoined to each other and in Konak and Pasaport samples. Also the gills abfrontal tissue integrity was disturbed in these two stations

Forums, blogs, réseaux sociaux, plateformes de partage de contenus : les lieux de prédilection de la nouvelle génération d'internautes du Web 2.0 qui mettent la question de la responsabilité juridique au défi

Master [120] en droit, Université catholique de Louvain, 201

The effects of pollution on haematological parameters of black goby (Gobius niger L.,1758) in Foça and Aliağa bays

In this study, the haematological parameters (Red blood cells, haemoglobin, mean celllular haemoglobin content, mean cellular volume, mean cellular haemoglobin concentration, platelet) of Gobius niger collected from several selected stations in Fo;ccedil;a and Aliağa Bays, where a petroleum refinery is located, have been measured. The statistically important differences were found between the measured red blood cells haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin, and mean cellular haemoglobin concentrations obtained from different stations. In the microscopic studies, some histological changes were determined due to environmental pollution. Ovoid shape of the nuclei seen in normal red blood cells hasbeen changed to fusiform and spherical shape and the cell membrane became echinoid..Physico-chemical parameters such as dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, salinity and turbidity of the water samples taken from Fo;ccedil;a and Aliağa Bays were determined. Considering the results obtained in this study of this study, it can be concluded that the changes in the blood parameters of marine fish may be used as a physiological answer to environmental pollution.Bu çalışmada, .petrol rafinerisinin bulunduğu Aliağa Körfezi'nin ve Foça'nın çeşitli yerlerinden seçilmiş istasyonlardan toplanan kömürcü kaya balıklarından (G. niger} alınan kan örneklerinin, kan parametreleri, kırmızı kan hücreleri (eritrosit), hemoglobin, hematokrit ve ortalama hücresel hacim, ortalama hücresel hemoglobin miktarı ortalama hücresel hemoglobin konsantrasyonu ve trombosit ölçülmüştür. Yapılan mikroskobik çalışmalar sonucu histolojik değişiklikler ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Normal olarak oval ve yassı şekilli nukleuslar değişikliğe uğrayarak fusiform ve küresel şekil almıştır ve hücre zarı dikensi karakter şekline bozulmuştur. Araştırma sırasında suyun kimyasal özelliklerini tespit etmek için su örnekleri de Foça ve Aliağa Körfezleri'nden alınmış ve çözünmüş oksijen, pH, sıcaklık, tuzluluk, ve turbidite gibi fiziko kimyasal parametreler ölçülmüştür. Bu çalışma sonucunda deniz balıklarının kan parametrelerinin çok çeşitli çevresel kirleticiye karşı fizyolojik bir yanıt olarak kullanılabileceği ortaya koyulmaktadır