Free radical scavenging and anti-edematogenic activities of essential oil obtained from trichilia silvatica dc. (meliaceae) leaves

The present study was focused in evaluating the chemical composition, the anti-edematogenic and antioxidant activities of essential oil obtained from Trichilia silvatica (EOTS) leaves. The EOTS was extracted by hydrodistillation and their analyses were performed by GC/MS. The main compounds identified in the EOTS were sesquiterpenes. Furthermore, the EOTS exhibited antioxidant and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. The oral administration of EOTS (100 and 300 mg/kg), significantly inhibited the carrageenan (Cg) induced rat paw edema. The observed inhibitions were 54 ± 7 and 49 ± 6 % (100 mg/kg) for EOTS and 68 ± 6 % and 66 ± 11 % for dexamethasone after 2 and 4 h after Cg-injection, respectively. In conclusion, the present work showed for the first time, that the anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil seem to be mainly associated with the high levels of sesquiterpene in the leaves of this plant.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Essential oils composition of <i>Salvia lachnostachys</i> and <i>S. melissiflora</i> (Lamiaceae)

Os óleos essenciais de Salvia lachnostachys (folhas e flores) e S. melissiflora (folhas), obtidos por hidrodestilação, foram analisados por CG e CG/EM. Os óleos foram caracterizados por um elevado teor de compostos alifáticos. Nos óleos de S. lachnostachys o componente majoritário foi o ácido dodecanóico (folhas 61,6%, flores 73,4%). No óleo das folhas de S. melissiflora os componentes principais foram ácido linoleico (29,3%), ácido hexadecanóico (11,3%) e óxido de cariofileno (9,6%). Este é o primeiro relato de estudo de óleos essenciais nestas duas espécies.The essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation of Salvia lachnostachys Benth. (leaves and flowers) and S. melissiflora Benth. (leaves) were analyzed by capillary GC/MS. The oils were characterized by high content of aliphatic compounds. In the essential oils of S. lachnostachys the major component was dodecanoic acid (61.6% in leaves and 73.4% in flowers). In the essential oil of S. melissiflora the main components were linoleic and hexadecanoic acids (29.3% and 11.3%, respectively) and caryophyllene oxide (9.6%). This paper describes for the first time the composition of essential oils of S. lachnostachys and S. melissiflora.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, chemopreventive and wound healing potentials from Schinus terebinthifolius methanolic extract

Inflammation Immunomodulation Micronucleus Comet assay A B S T R A C T Inflammatory and genetic alterations are related to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer. Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Anacardiaceae, is used in folk medicine to treat inflammation, wounds and tumors. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, chemopreventive, and wound healing potentials of the methanolic extract from the leaves of Schinus terebinthifolius. The chemical composition of the extract was characterized using preliminary analytical LC methods. The results showed that the anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract was similar to that of dexamethasone for edema reduction. Also, it inhibited the leukocyte migration into the air pouch and decreased plasma extravasation. In addition, the methanolic extract showed a healing action similar to that observed with collagenase. The methanolic extract is not genotoxic nor mutagenic, and in contrast it has chemopreventive activity, which elicits a high percentage of damage reduction by comet and micronucleus assay, preferably by bioantimutagenic action. The methanolic extract induced apoptosis and enhanced splenic phagocytosis in animals treated with cyclophosphamide. The methanolic extract contents, resolved by LC, include phenolic acid and flavonoids. Our results suggest a therapeutic potential for the methanolic extract. © 2014 Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved. 566 Lis E.S. Fedel-Miyasato et al. / Rev Bras Farmacogn 24(2014): 565-57

Antinociceptive Activity of the Ethanolic Extract, Fractions, and Aggregatin D Isolated from <i>Sinningia aggregata</i> Tubers

<div><p>The present study investigated the effects of the ethanolic extract (ESa), fractions, and compounds isolated from <i>Sinningia aggregata</i> in male Swiss mice on carrageenan-induced paw edema, neutrophil migration, mechanical hyperalgesia, formalin-induced nociception, and lipopolysaccharide-induced fever. The ESa did not alter edema, neutrophil migration, or fever at any of the doses tested. However, the ESa reduced phase II of formalin-induced nociception and carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. The petroleum ether (PE) and ethyl acetate (EA) fractions and aggregatin D (AgD; isolated from the EA fraction) reduced formalin-induced nociception. Anthraquinones from the PE fraction were ineffective. AgD also inhibited carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. Neither the ESa nor AgD altered thermal nociception or motor performance. Local administration of AgD also reduced hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan, bradykinin, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant, prostaglandin E₂, and dopamine but not hyperalgesia induced by forskolin or dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate. The positive control dipyrone reduced the response induced by all of the stimuli. Additionally, glibenclamide abolished the analgesic effect of dipyrone but not the one induced by AgD. AgD did not change lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production by macrophages or the nociception induced by capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, acidified saline, or menthol. These results suggest that the ESa has important antinociceptive activity, and this activity results at least partially from the presence of AgD. AgD reduced mechanical hyperalgesia induced by several inflammatory mediators through mechanisms that are different from classic analgesic drugs.</p></div

Effect of AgD on nociceptive behavior induced by formalin and on mechanical hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan.

<p>Animals were treated with Aggregatin D (AgD) 0.21 mg/kg or vehicle (Veh), by oral route 1 h before the administration of formalin (2.5%, panel A) or carrageenan (Cg, 300 μg, panel B) into the right paw or AgD (0.07, 0.7, 7 ng/paw), Dipyrone (Dip, 320 μg/paw) or vehicle (Veh) 15 min before the injection of Cg (panel C) into the right paw. On panel D, AgD (7ng/paw) was injected in right or left paw as indicated and Cg (300 μg) was injected in the right paw. Basal (B) threshold was evaluated before any injection in panels B, C and D. Formalin-induced nociceptive behavior was evaluated in phase I (0–5 min) or in phase II (15 to 30 min) and the mechanical threshold was evaluated again 3 h after the injection of Cg. Bars represent the mean±s.e.mean of the nociceptive behavior (s) induced by formalin in each phase or the mechanical threshold (n = 10–20). Symbols denote statistical difference in relation to basal threshold (*<i>P</i><0.05, ***<i>P</i><0.001) or to veh-treated group (^##<i>P</i><0.01, ^###<i>P</i><0.001).</p

Effect of the potassium channel blocker glibenclamide on the anti-hyperalgesic effect of AgD.

<p>Animals were treated with the potassium channel blocker glibenclamide (Gli, 80 μg/paw) or the same volume of vehicle (Veh, Tween 80 1% in saline). After 30 min, animals received Aggregatin D (AgD, 7 ng/paw), Dipyrone (Dip, 320 μg/paw) or vehicle (Veh) followed by an injection of of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂, 100 ng/paw) 15 min later. Basal (B) threshold was evaluated before any injection. The mechanical threshold was evaluated again 3 h after the injection of the nociceptive stimuli. Bars represent the mean±s.e.mean of the mechanical threshold (n = 5–10). Symbols denote statistical difference in relation to basal threshold (***<i>P</i><0.001), to Veh/Veh-treated group (^##<i>P</i><0.01, ^###<i>P</i><0.001) or to the Veh/Dip-treated group (^&&&<i>P</i><0.001).</p

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, chemopreventive and wound healing potentials from Schinus terebinthifolius methanolic extract

Inflammatory and genetic alterations are related to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer. Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Anacardiaceae, is used in folk medicine to treat inflammation, wounds and tumors. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, chemopreventive, and wound healing potentials of the methanolic extract from the leaves of Schinus terebinthifolius. The chemical composition of the extract was characterized using preliminary analytical LC methods. The results showed that the anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract was similar to that of dexamethasone for edema reduction. Also, it inhibited the leukocyte migration into the air pouch and decreased plasma extravasation. In addition, the methanolic extract showed a healing action similar to that observed with collagenase. The methanolic extract is not genotoxic nor mutagenic, and in contrast it has chemopreventive activity, which elicits a high percentage of damage reduction by comet and micronucleus assay, preferably by bioantimutagenic action. The methanolic extract induced apoptosis and enhanced splenic phagocytosis in animals treated with cyclophosphamide. The methanolic extract contents, resolved by LC, include phenolic acid and flavonoids. Our results suggest a therapeutic potential for the methanolic extract