INTEGRATED DIAGNOSING OF SKIN DISEASE DETECTION USING KNN

Today, a wide range of illnesses  affect people of all ages. Skin cancer is shown to be one of the most common problems and it has a serious impact on human life and health. An allergy, a fungal infection, a bacterium, harmful UV rays from sunburn, etc. could be the cause of a number of skin diseases. It is possible to recover if the disease can be diagnosed earlier and more accurately. Currently, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has a significant impact on the medical industry. Skin diseases, also known as Cutaneous diseases, affect nearly two out of every three people. One of the most common medical environments is skin disease, and when compared to other diseases, the visual representation of skin disease is especially important. Dermatological diseases are the most common diseases in the world. Despite its prevalence, its diagnosis is highly complex and requires extensive practical experience. An efficient automated technique for identifying people with skin diseases is critically needed. In this approach, the K-NN model is recommended for detecting various skin diseases at an early stage. The recommended procedure will provide the highest level of accuracy for detecting skin diseases. Finally, the recommended model works more efficiently than other existing models

Strategies to detect and manage latent tuberculosis infection among household contacts of pulmonary TB patients in high TB burden countries ‐ a systematic review and meta‐analysis

OBJECTIVE: To summarise latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) management strategies among household contacts of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients in high‐TB burden countries. METHODS: PubMed/MEDLINE (NCBI) and Scopus were searched (January 2006 to December 2021) for studies reporting primary data on LTBI management. Study selection, data management and data synthesis were protocol‐driven (PROSPERO‐CRD42021208715). Primary outcomes were the proportions of LTBI, initiating and completing tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT). Reported factors influencing the LTBI care cascade were qualitatively synthesised. RESULTS: From 3694 unique records retrieved, 58 studies from 23 countries were included. Most identified contacts were screened (median 99%, interquartile range [IQR] 82%–100%; 46 studies). Random‐effects meta‐analysis yielded pooled proportions for: LTBI 41% (95% confidence interval [CI] 33%–49%; 21,566 tested contacts); TPT initiation 91% (95% CI 79%–97%; 129,573 eligible contacts, 34 studies); TPT completion 65% (95% CI 54%–74%; 108,679 TPT‐initiated contacts, 28 studies). Heterogeneity was significant (I (2) ≥ 95%–100%) and could not be explained in subgroup analyses. Median proportions (IQR) were: LTBI 44% (28%–59%); TPT initiation 86% (60%–100%); TPT completion 68% (44%–82%). Nine broad themes related to diagnostic testing, health system structure and functions, risk perception, documentation and adherence were considered likely to influence the LTBI care cascade. CONCLUSION: The proportions of household contacts screened, detected with LTBI and initiated on TPT, though variable was high, but the proportions completing TPT were lower indicating current strategies used for LTBI management in high TB burden countries are not sufficient

Cytokine and Protein Markers of Leprosy Reactions in Skin and Nerves: Baseline Results for the North Indian INFIR Cohort

Leprosy affects skin and peripheral nerves. Although we have effective antibiotics to treat the mycobacterial infection, a key part of the disease process is the accompanying inflammation. This can worsen after starting antibacterial treatment with episodes of immune mediated inflammation, so called ‘reactions’. These reactions are associated with worsening of the nerve damage. We recruited a cohort of 303 newly diagnosed leprosy patients in North India with the aim of understanding and defining the pathological processes better. We took skin and nerve biopsies from patients and examined them to define which molecules and mediators of inflammation were present. We found high levels of the cytokines Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha, Transforming Growth Factor beta and inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in biopsies from patients with reactions. We also found high levels of bacteria and inflammation in the nerves. These experiments tell us that we need to determine which other molecules are present and to explore ways of switching off the production of these pro-inflammatory molecules

Analysis of Antibody and Cytokine Markers for Leprosy Nerve Damage and Reactions in the INFIR Cohort in India

Leprosy is one of the oldest known diseases. In spite of the established fact that it is least infectious and a completely curable disease, the social stigma associated with it still lingers in many countries and remains a major obstacle to self reporting and early treatment. The nerve damage that occurs in leprosy is the most serious aspect of this disease as nerve damage leads to progressive impairment and disability. It is important to identify markers of nerve damage so that preventive measures can be taken. This prospective cohort study was designed to look at the potential association of some serological markers with reactions and nerve function impairment. Three hundred and three newly diagnosed patients from north India were recruited for this study. The study attempts to reflect a model of nerve damage initiated by mycobacterial antigens and maintained by ongoing inflammation through cytokines such as Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha and perhaps extended by antibodies against nerve components

Studies on the role of nutrition and other factors on the in vitro culture of Anthurium andreanum Lind

Anthurium anrdreanum is an important cut flower on the world market. Unfortunately, the conventional methods of propagation are slow and moreover, only limited information exists in the prospects of using tissue culture as an alternative method of propagation. The purpose of this study was, therefore to examine the influence of nutritional, explant and environmental factors on the growth of A. andreanum in vitro. Whole leaves and petioles were washed under running tap water for .lb minutes arid sterilised in 2% NaOCl for 35 and 45 minutes respectively. They were then rinsed in three changes of sterile deionised water. Explant viability was 90% in the case of leaves and 80% for petioles. Various methods of sterilisation were used on nodal explants without success. The ionic composition of the medium was a determining factor in the growth of the. explants. Growth was enhanced significantly by reducing the concentration of macronutrients end iron to 1/4 MS strength. The cu ltures did not grow on ammonium or nitrate as sole sources of nitrogen. Growth was also inhibited when a high ratio of ammonium to nitrogen was present in the culture medium. Lowering the concentration of potassium and micronutrients in the medium did not alter the growth responses. The source and concentration of the sugar used also had a significant effect on callus formation. On fructose and glucose, growth was maximal at 58.4 rnM and 87.6 rnM respectively. On sucrose., good responses were obtained in the range of 29.2 to 116.8 mM and on a mixture of glucose and fructose, maximum callus formation occurred at 58.4 and 116.8 mM. Also, at 175.2 mM, glucose was the sugar which supported highest callus formation. The auxins IAA, I BA and 2,4-D gave nearly similar responses and they were all superior to NAA. BAP was a more effective cytokinin than 2iP; only 4.4 pM of the growth regulator were needed to generate a callus growth rating of about 3 as compared to 24.5 pM 2iP. At low concentration of BAP, 0.88 pM, simultaneous use of 2iP had an additive effect on callus formation. At concentrations of 4.4 pM and higher, incorporation of 2iP in the medium generally reduced callus formation. Significantly better growth was achieved on a solid medium than on a liquid one. Maximum callus formation occurred at agar concentrations of 0.4, 0,8 and 1.2%. A sharp drop in callus formation occurred at 1.6% and at 4%, virtually, no callus was formed. Growth was also determined by various explant factors. Juvenile tissues grew better than mature ones and more callus was formed on 1.0 and 1.5 cm than on 0.5 cm explants. However, the efficiency of callus formation was greater with 0.5 and 1.0 cm explants than with the largest explant. Buds were formed on subcultured callus but they did not readily grow on any of the media tested On the other hand, plantlets were readily formed by subculturing nodes of aseptic plantlets on the basal medium or on 1.0 pM IAA There is also some evidence that morphogenesis was influenced by the state of growth of the donor plants. Explants isolated from plants that were still in the vegetative state were able to differentiate into plantlets whereas explants taken from plants that were in full bloom did not form shoots

QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN SOFTWARE INDUSTRY: AN OVERVIEW OF FRAMEWORK FOLLOWED FOR SOFTWARE QUALITY MANAGEMENT

The quality management process brings out an art of managing all activities for getting a desired level of product performance leading to product excellence .Quality is a desirable attribute to all products. In 4.0 industrial era all activities will be imbibed with the software and controls making software quality more evident A look into software quality management process was promoted right from gen 3.0 which saw the introduction of computers both hardware and software for performing all activities . Thus desirably bring out the concept of the activities of management into the software industry focusing on the processes which are definitely varied and not the same as the industrial processes hence an in-depth study in the software quality process become the integral part of the research in the areas which focus on the quality of the software which is mostly based on the testing carried out during software development process and its life cycle, Today the biggest challenge faced by the Small and Medium Enterprises (SME?s) are how to adapt, use and implement the appropriate software and right metrics at affordable cost. Therefore to achieve benefit of software testing under limited resources, it becomes necessary to identify the best software testing practices and create a mapping between various existing software methods and tools. This can be achieved by analyzing current testing practices and identifying the improvement potential. The focus of this paper is to understand the Quality Management process specifically followed in the software industry. The purpose of this research is to describe and compare the most important Test Process Improvement models available and to give useful input for the development of the comprehensive test process frame work. Several models are studied on goals, structure, key process areas and its assessment procedure